Junichi Sasai

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Ensign Junichi Sasai, May 1941.

Lieutenant Junior Grade Junichi Sasai ('笹井醇一)(February 13, 1918 – † August 26, 1942) was a Japanese naval aviator and fighter ace of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Lieutenant (j.g.) (中尉) Sasai was killed leading his fighter squadron during an attack of Henderson Field during the Battle of Guadalcanal.

[edit] Early life

Junichi Sasai was born on February 13, 1918 in Tokyo. He was the son of a captain of the Japanese Imperial Navy, and even in his youth, Sasai was destined to enter the navy. Sasai’s childhood was marked by weak health, and he was always mobbed by his classmates. Physical exercises like Judo, together with a balanced diet, improved his health. Sasai attended Tokyo Municipal High School No. 1, before he went on to the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy at Eta Jima,^[1] an island off the coast of Kuri, near Hiroshima. Junichi Sasai held a black belt in Judo and competed in wrestling. In his early days at the Eta Jima Academy, he earned the nickname gamecock because of his stamina and vehemence for life. After graduating and being appointed an ensign (少尉) in 1939 from the 67th Naval Academy Class, Sasai became a member of the 35th Aviation Student Course. He finished his naval aviation training in November 1941 and became a fighter pilot. Sasai’s brother-in-law, Lieutenant Commander Yoshio Tashiro, was also a naval aviator, serving as a flying boat commander.

[edit] World War Two

Sasai wearing flight gear. This 1942 photo shows Sasai shortly before his death over Guadalcanal on August 26.

On December 10, 1941, Ensign Sasai, as a member of the Tainan Kokutai, which would become one of the Japanese Navy's premier fighter units, participated in the Pacific war's opening actions in the Philippines during the attack on Luzon, but he was forced to abort the mission due to engine trouble. On February 2, 1942, Sasai got his first aerial kill in the Dutch East Indies at Maospati airfield, Java, when he downed a Dutch Brewster Buffalo. Sixteen days later, Sasai knocked down a Curtiss P-40E of 17th Squadron, with the machine guns of his Zero.^[2]

The Tainan Kokutai (Air Group) was transferred to Lae on Papua New Guinea in March 1942, reorganizing with new officers. Among his Tainan equals, Sasai was known as "Flying Tiger", a reference to the tiger-head belt buckle he wore always, a gift from his father. In his lodgings, he kept an image of Minamoto no Yoshitsune, the legendary Japanese war hero.

Already a lieutenant (j.g.), Sasai became Buntaicho (squadron leader), leading the 3rd Chutai (squadron), consisting of six planes, divided in two Shotais (sections). Each Chutai leader's Zero was recognisable by two light blue diagonal stripes across its fuselage, while each Shotai leader 's^[3] bore one. On each tail, there was a black letter V,^[4] the Tainan Kokutai identifier, followed by a three-digit number in the 100s series identifying each aircraft. Sasai now was flying with experienced pilots Saburo Sakai, Enji Kakimoto and Toshio Ohta in his chutai. Saburo Sakai, leading the second Shotai in Sasai’s Chutai, had already taken part in real aerial combat flying in the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938 - 1939. While Sasai became an excellent Zero pilot, in the beginning he was green. Sasai was trained in the art of aerial combat by the experienced Sakai; the two of them became a great team. Sasai became an ace pilot and owed his life and much of his development as a great ace to Sakai.

Sasai was considered an exceptional officer by his subordinates, mainly for his compassionate qualities. In private, he ridiculed the inflexibility and austerity of the navy caste system, a significant point on which to dwell considering the rigid Japanese officer code of the time. Such disdain was demonstrated amply by the level of personal interest he took in his NCO subordinates. The Japanese caste system was strict, but Sasai cared more for his fliers. Saburo Sakai, flying as a warrant officer and Shotai leader in Sasai’s Chutai, said in an interview: ^[5]

The navy had a very rigid hierarchy and caste system; officers never made friends with enlisted men, it was not allowed. But Sasai was a different kind of officer. (...)
Ohta, Nishizawa and I joined our fighters wingtip to wingtip and did three perfect consecutive loops over the field following a dogfight. After we landed we were very proud of ourselves. Then we had a message that the commander at Moresby had sent a letter to out commander, Sasai, describing our stunt, and inviting us back. Sasai chewed us out and threatened us with grounding if we ever did that again. He was just following procedure, but we knew he was secretly proud of us.

On 11 April, Lieutenant Sasai led nine Zeros scouting over Moresby in three Vee formations. The Japanese fighting tactics were to fly sections of three planes in a staggered formation, the second plane about one hundred yards behind the leader and the third another hundred yards further away, both wingmen weaving as they kept watch for enemy aircraft.

"V-174", a Zero Model A6M3 Type 32 of the Tainan Kokutai.

On May 4, 1942, Sasai became an ace, when he faced and shot down three P-39 Airacobras in only 20 seconds. On May 24, Sasai downed a B-25 Mitchell of the 13th US Squadron, 3rd Bomb Group.

On July 11, 1942, Lieutenant (j.g.) Sasai led 12 Zeros providing fighter escort for 21 bombers from Rabaul heading for Port Moresby. En route, they encountered six B-17 Flying Fortress es of the 19th Bomb Group. Sasai gave the order to attack the B-17s, so Sakai, Nishizawa, Ohta and two others joined Sasai, but no B-17s were shot down, one Zero was lost. The under-escorted bombers later were disrupted by interceptors at Port Moresby and the Japanese attack was a failure. Sasai received a severe reprimand for leaving the bombers. According to Saburo Sakai, Sasai's decision was poor, but he and the rest of the pilots sympathized with him because bombers had been hitting their base regularly and that they all wanted to get a piece of the B-17s that had been giving them so much trouble.^[6]

On August 2, Sasai attacked a B-17 with the new head-on tactic and shot the four-engined bomber down.

[edit] Rabaul

Zero Type 21 at Rabaul with Hanabuki volcano as background. The volcano's continuous activity was a good visual guide for the pilots.

The Tainan Kokutai moved from Lae to Lakunai airfield on Rabaul the next day. Rabaul soon would be named "the fighter pilot graveyard" by the Japanese not only because of the fierce combat, but also because malaria, mosquitoes and various tropical diseases decimated the Japanese pilots. Unlike the Americans, who treated their airbases with DDT, the Japanese had no similar solution, putting them at crucial disadvantage.

On August 7, word arrived that U.S. Marines had landed at 5:20 that morning on Guadalcanal. Due to bad weather, the Allied expeditionary force had arrived undetected by the Japanese. Without delay, 17 Zeros of the Tainan Kokutai escorted 27 Mitsubishi G4M Betty bombers of the 4th Ku. in an attack on the U.S. Navy task force supporting the invasion. The Japanese were met by 18 Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighters and 16 Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers from the aircraft carriers Saratoga, Enterprise and Wasp. From mid-1942, F4F Wildcat fighter pilots used a new aerial combat tactic, the "Thach Weave", developed by the US naval aviators John Thach and Edward O'Hare. The Zero pilots from Rabaul were initially confounded by this double-team maneuver. Nevertheless, Sasai was credited with five F4Fs in this first air battle between land-based Zeros and American carrier fighters.

On August 7, 1942, Saburo Sakai, leading the second Shotai in Sasai's Chutai, sustained grievous injuries from the return fire of a TBM Avenger torpedo bomber he had mistaken for a Wildcat. After a few days in the hospital, Sakai was informed that he would be returning to Japan for eye surgery. The evening before his departure, Sasai bade him farewell at his bedside, giving him his tiger-head belt buckle and saying to him, "Please go back to Japan and please come back to Rabaul!"^[7]

A U.S. Marine F4F-4 Wildcat shoots down a Japanese A6M2 Zero over Henderson Field on Guadalcanal.

On August 26, 1942, on his 76th sortie with the Tainan Kokutai, Sasai led eight Zeros escorting Betty bombers to Henderson Field, a main focus of months of fighting in the Guadalcanal campaign, as it enabled U.S. land-based airpower to hinder the Japanese attempts at resupplying its soldiers. At that time, Sasai's score stood at 27. Over Guadalcanal, Sasai attacked in an overhead approach a Grumman F4F that was already in the traffic pattern. The F4F pulled its nose into the vertical, firing its six .50-caliber machine guns. The lack of self-sealing fuel tanks made Japanese Zeros easy to ignite with a few rounds of incendiary tracers. Sasai’s Zero exploded in a ball of fire, showering parts onto the beach of Guadalcanal in front of hundreds of U.S. Marines.

Lieutenant Junichi Sasai had been killed at the age of 24, probably the victim of Major Marion E. Carl, an 18-victory ace of Marine squadron VMF-223, one of the few Midway-based pilots to survive the Battle of Midway. He had been one of the first Marine pilots to land at Henderson Field less than a week before, and since then, he had downed three more aircraft to become the Marine Corps’ first-ever ace.

Junichi Sasai, a lieutenant junior grade, was posthumously promoted two grades to Lieutenant Commander. This practice was common for those Japanese aviators with proven records or high scores who were killed during the war. Sasai was also honored with a mention in an all-units bulletin of the Japanese Navy.

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• "Samurai!" by Saburo Sakai, Fred Saito and Martin Caidin
• "Osprey Aircraft of the Aces No. 22 - Imperial Japanese Navy Aces 1937-45" by Henry Sakaida
• "Winged Samurai - Saburo Sakai and the Zero Fighter Pilots" by H. Sakaida, Champlin Fighter Museum, 1985, ISBN 0-912173-05-X
• "Ozora no Samurai" ("Samurai of the Sky"), a Toho movie from 1976, Lieutenant Junichi Sasai is played by Taro Shigaki

[edit] External links

• A6M2 Zeros of the Tainan Kokutai
• Tainan Kokutai Zero "V-128"

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