Julius H. Kroehl

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Julius Herman Kröhl (in English his name is written Kroehl) was a German-born American inventor. He built the Sub Marine Explorer, an early submarine, technically advanced for its era, but destined to failure, because of decompression sickness, which may have not been well understood at that time by Kroehl and others.

Contents 1 Origins and Personal Life 1.1 Early Life/Prussia 1.2 Family 1.3 Marriage 2 Engineering and New York City 2.1 Photography 2.2 Flange Forming Machine 2.3 Mount Morris Firewatch Tower 2.4 Diamond Reef 2.5 Merlin Rock 2.6 Outfitting the Paraguay Expedition of 1858 2.7 Norfolk Navy Yard 3 The American Civil War 3.1 New Orleans 3.2 James River and Cape Fear 3.3 The Mississippi River and the Vicksburg Campaign 4 Pearl Fishing in Panama 5 Widow’s Pension 6 Conclusion 7 References

[edit] Origins and Personal Life

[edit] Early Life/Prussia

Julius Herman Kröhl was born 1820 in Memel, East Prussia (today Klaipėda in Lithuania). His family moved to Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia around 1828. During his civilian employment with the United States Navy, he was referred as "captain." This may indicate that he had held an officer's commission in the Prussian Army prior to his emigration, or was an officer in a volunteer militia or fire company in New York. He arrived in New York City on 29 July 1844 on board the Fairfield. While residing in New York City, he became an American citizen on 26 October 1849.

[edit] Family

His father was Jacob Kroehl. He was a merchant in Memel. From 1829 to 1833, the family residence was listed as Hausvogteiplatz 11, Berlin, suggesting that the family relocated to the Prussian capitol around that time. His mother, Johann Philipine Dorothea, later immigrated to the United States in 1848, but as the wife of a British merchant, John Heanes.

His brother Henry (1819-1890) came to America in 1838. He had established himself as a merchant, with a business in New York City, NY, and later resided in Asbury Park, NJ, after 1870. He was a partner with Otto Dill, until he passed away in 1861. Henry was married to the former Cornelia Rogers Turfler. They are buried at Green-Wood Cemetery, NY. Records suggest that Henry made a few trips to Germany throughout his life.

William John Kroehl (1816-1878) resided in England for most of his life. It is possible that he was an elder brother to Henry and Julius. He was naturalised a British citizen on 23 January 1849. No other siblings have been identified to this article at this time.

[edit] Marriage

Julius married Sophia Rosa Lueber on 25 November 1858 at Holy Trinity Church of Georgetown, Washington, DC (per Widow's Naval Pension Application and Church records). She was born on 27 August 1832, and was a native of Frederick, Maryland. Her father, Francis Lueber (1791-1852), emigrated from Austria, and was a well-to-do merchant; her mother, Helen M. Lueber (née Simpson) (1809-1890) came from the District of Columbia. Julius and Sophia had no children. After Julius' death, his widow did not remarry, but continued to live in Georgetown with her widowed mother, sisters and brother until her death on 29 September 1916, and is buried in Holy Rood Cemetery, Washington, DC. Sophia was the niece of the American portrait artist, James Alexander Simpson, and first cousin to another portrait artist, Charles S. Hein, and his brother, Lt. Col. Otto L. Hein. She was also a distant relative of Raphael Semmes and Mary Jenkins Surratt.

Records of the Mount Morris Fire Watch Tower refer to a Nina Kroehl. Whether this was a previous wife, or some other relative, is unknown at this time.

[edit] Engineering and New York City

Kroehl listed himself as a submarine engineer on Broad Street in Lower Manhattan during the 1850s. (At this time, the term "submarine" referred to anything underwater, and not exclusively to diving vessels.) During this time, he was involved in several engineering and technical projects.

[edit] Photography

An 1851 article in Scientific American magazine describes the Fair of the American Institute. One exhibit was of colored photographs by Messrs. Kroehl & Vetter, of No. 499 Broad Street. This does not necessarily mean this was Julius Kroehl. However, when Kroehl was ordered to support Union forces during the Vicksburg Campaign of 1863, he was directed to bring with him photographic equipment. His personal effects enumerated at the time of his death included photographic supplies. His proficiency in photographic uses in 1851 was possible. No works are known to have survived. (1 November 1851 – Scientific American Vol. 7, Issue 7.)

[edit] Flange Forming Machine

Kroehl applied for a patent around March 1854 for a flange forming machine. It is described in Scientific American as: “an improvement in machinery for bending flanges on wrought iron beams. There is a pair of horizontal, and a pair of vertical rollers; the former pair has one roller with a face of the full depth of the beam, and the other has its face the depth of the beam minus the thickness of the flanges. The vertical rollers are both alike, and are of a width a little greater than the extreme width of the flanges. They are arranged opposite the space between the horizontal ones, and work in close contact with the sides of the roller. In order to give the flanges and their beams, a taper or an elliptic, or other curved form, the vertical rollers have flanges, whose faces bear on the edges of the flanges of the beam, and cause the said rollers to receive such a movement in the direction of their axes, and apply such a force I that direction as bends the flanges of the beam to the desired form.” He secured the patent as #12,133 on 2 January 1855.

[edit] Mount Morris Firewatch Tower

The City of New York, in order to improve safety during its growth, laid out a series of fire watch towers. James Bogardus, an innovator of cast iron houses, introduced the first of these towers. One was needed in the Harlem district. It would be situated on an outcropping of rock. On 14 January 1856, the Commissioner of Repairs and Supplies received two bids. Bogardus submitted his usual design at a bid of $5,750, but H&K won the contract with a lower bid of $2,300. H&K pointed out that the tower not need be as tall, thus saving material and labor. This tower still stands in what is now Marcus Garvey Memorial Park (A picture of the tower can be found at http://www.east-harlem.com/firewatch_tower.htm).

Comparing the structure and techniques of this tower with those designed and constructed by Bogardus will find many similarities, especially with the method of bolting joints together. In April 1857, Bogardus sued the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of New York, claiming a patent infringement (#7,337). He cited that he was entitled to a royalty payment of $289, plus actual damages of $20,000. The jury agreed that he was entitled to the royalty payment, but not to the damages. Bogardus appealed the ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court, but Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney upheld the ruling on appeal.

[edit] Diamond Reef

The maritime hazard of Diamond Reef lies in the entrance to the East River between Governor's Island and Lower Manhattan. Benjamin Maillefert was favored to win the contract based on his experience with underwater demolition and salvage. He attempted in 1851 to reduce this underwater obstacle by blasting. This effort was accomplished by lowering a canister of powder onto the rock at flood tide, then backing away a safe distance, detonating it with a galvanic battery. However, this was not yet deemed sufficient, and another bid was undertaken a few years later. Kroehl, with his partner, Peter V. Husted, was one among five bidders. The Common Council awarded the contract to Husted & Kroehl (H&K), but Mayor Fernando Wood vetoed the contract on 7 August 1855, citing that the Council did not have the authority to award contracts, since such authority resides with the Street Commissioner. After appeals and new bidding, H&K was awarded the contract without further dispute, and proceeded to remove the underwater hazard (16 August 1856 - Scientific American, vol. 11, issue 49).

[edit] Merlin Rock

Peter Cooper, as president of the New York and Newfoundland Telegraph Company, hired H&K to blast Merlin Rock, which lies in the western end of the narrows in St. John's Harbor, in June 1855. They were successful in accomplishing the work by August of that year, to the contracted clearance of 27 feet.

[edit] Outfitting the Paraguay Expedition of 1858

During the demolition of Diamond Reef, H&K provided underwater explosives to the U.S. Navy for clearing obstructions in the Platte, Parana and Paraguay Rivers, should the ships encounter any. The items were provided to the steamer USS Memphis. This might account for the beginning of his relationship with the Navy.

[edit] Norfolk Navy Yard

On 1 July 1859, F.W. Parmenter, a machinist from Troy, NY, contracted with the Dept. of the Navy to construct, erect and complete an iron roof for the victualling house at Norfolk Naval Shipyard in the amount of US$18,000. Julius H. Kroehl and Sidney D. Roberts served as sureties for the contract. However, monies appropriated for the project were spent elsewhere, so worked dragged through 1861, with work being performed with the assurance that the U.S. Congress will appropriate supplemental funds. But the seizure of Norfolk by Confederate forces in April 1861 forestalled final completion of the project, with an amount owed to Parmenter. In 1874 and 1876, House Committee reports for private relief recommended that the outstanding amounts be paid.

[edit] The American Civil War

In 1863 served in the navy of the Union in the American Civil War.

[edit] New Orleans

Kroehl's first service for the Union was not as a soldier, but as a civilian contractor. On 2 February 1862, he received a contract to perform minesweeping in the Lower Mississippi River (Dept. of Navy Instructions included in pension file). His primary task was to remove the chain barrier stretching between Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip. This was not successful, due to trying to move the bomb-vessel upstream against a strong current. After the fall of New Orleans, his services were dismissed on 20 May 1862 (Official Records of the War of the Rebellion - Navies, vol. XVIII, p. 431). He provided a report to Navy Secretary Gideon Welles on submarine operations (2 June 1862) after his return to New York City.

[edit] James River and Cape Fear

His services were still in demand. First, he demonstrated the use of electric torpedoes (mines) to be used in the James River. Later, both Admirals David Dixon Porter and Samuel P. Lee requested his services. He received a commission as an Acting Volunteer Lieutenant in the United States Navy on 12 December 1862. He was first assigned to Admiral Lee's North Atlantic Blockading Squadron off Wilmington, North Carolina. Attempts to use his torpedoes either to remove obstructions near Fort Caswell or supplement the blockade were stillborn. On 1 January 1863, he received orders to report to Admiral Porter for service in the Mississippi River Squadron.

[edit] The Mississippi River and the Vicksburg Campaign

Kroehl's duties appear to be several things: First, working with the U.S. Coast Survey in developing navigation charts of the Mississippi to support naval operations. Second, developing strategies to use torpedoes to destroy enemy vessels. He apparently sunk a coal barge on his own initiative. He was also assigned to the USS Black Hawk. Later, he was assigned to work with the U.S. Artillery during the siege of Vicksburg (6 June 1863) until the end of the siege (4 July 1863.) During this time, he contracted malaria, and was discharged honorably on 8 August 1863 after being sent back to New York City by way of Cairo, IL. He recuperated at his brother's home. He recovered well enough to continue his civilian occupation as a submarine engineer, but was still suffering from it when he left for Central America (per widow's statement).

[edit] Pearl Fishing in Panama

1864 Kröhl became chief engineer and shareholder of the Pacific Pearl Company. He built the Sub Marine Explorer in 1865. He successfully tested his craft in May 1866 at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Later, in March 1867, he, with his crew and submarine, shipped out to Panama. He supervised its transport by rail once at Aspinwall (now Colón), and the vessel’s reassembly at the Pacific side of the country.

Kröhl died on September 9, 1867 in Panama City, Panama, United States of Colombia, attributed to "fever," and was buried there (Consular papers, included in Pension file). It has been speculated that he died of decompression sickness, during experimental dives with the Sub Marine Explorer. However, the symptoms of decompression sickness do not match that of malaria (see Greenberg email below). His widow, Sophia, argued that his death was from service-related malaria, citing witnesses who knew him during the Vicksburg campaign as well as medical statements.

He is buried in the Cementerio de Extranjeros (Foreigners' Cemetery), located in the Chorrillo district of Panama City, Republic of Panama. These cemeteries are reserved for Protestants, and Freemasons of any religious affiliation. Thomas Kilby Smith was the US Consul who inventoried his possessions and reported the death.

[edit] Widow’s Pension

Sophia was in a financially desperate situation. With over $40,000 tied up in a submarine that was left on Isla San Telmo, there was essentially no income. Any royalties from patents were expiring. She wrote to Admiral Porter for assistance. He provided her a letter of introduction, which probably resulted in her employment with the U.S. Department of the Treasury. However, attempts to collect on a pension for widows were thwarted by the circumstances of Julius' death.

The Pension Bureau assumed that the death was a result of the Panamanian environment. Sophia had to prove that the death was malaria, and that the malaria resulted from his military service. Attempts in 1880 and 1890 generated much paperwork, with sworn statements from neighbors attesting to their marriage and that she had not remarried, from Henry Kroehl about Julius' condition upon his discharge, a doctor's statement that he was diagnosed with malaria, and a statement from Alexander Strausz who served with him at Vicksburg. On top of that, she even had Archbishop John Ireland of the Archdiocese of St. Paul, MN, to lobby personally with the bureau. At first, the Bureau turned down the appeals. However, a few months before she died, her pension was increased substantially, indicating that she at one time proved her case.

[edit] Conclusion

While researching records about Kroehl, statements about him have varied from being "a good officer, and a fine man, and under any circumstances would have sacrificed his life in the cause of his country" (Admiral Porter in widow's pension application) to being a "failure" (Admiral David Farragut). He had been cited in several Northern newspapers from the 1850s until his death. However, the New York Times was the only paper that would misspell his name, sometimes as Krahl.

[edit] References

Theberge, Albert E. 1997. The Coast Survey 1807-1867. 623 pp. -Includes references to Kroehl while serving in the US Navy in 1863.

[1] James P. Delgado (2006) "Archaeological Reconnaissance of the 1865 American-Built Sub Marine Explorer at Isla San Telmo, Archipielago de las Perlas, Panama" International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 35 (2), 230–252.

Court of Common Pleas (NYC), B91, R57 - US Citizenship proceedings

United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Website search

Bureau of Pensions, Widow's Pension File for Sophia Kroehl, Certificate 5096

New York Times - various articles on Diamond Reef, New Orleans campaign and the Pacific Pearl Company.

Brooklyn Daily Eagle

The Chicago Tribune - various articles

Kahn, David. 1976. “Bogardus, Fire and the Iron Tower.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. XXXV, No. 3, October 1976

Gayle, Margot and Gayle, Carol. 1998. Cast-Iron Architecture in America: The Significance of James Bogardus. New York: WW Norton & Company. 272 pp. ISBN 0-393-73015-8

Hein, Otto L. 1925. Memories of Long Ago. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.

Röbel, Sven. 2006. “The Secret of the Pearl Islands: Early Submarine Discovery”. Der Spiegel (ON LINE), 21 April 2006.

Cornell University’s Making of America collection:

a. Scientific American Magazine - articles relating to patent and Diamond Reef

b. MacLeod, Xavier Donald, 1856. Biography of Hon. Fernando Wood, Mayor of the City of New-York’’. 350 pp.

c. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington: Government Printing Office. -Assignment with the Army during the siege of Vicksburg.

d. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies. Washington: Government Printing Office. -Service with the US Navy as both a contractor and as a commissioned officer.

Kroehl-Olin Families Genealogy

Email from Stephen Greenberg, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, NIH. Technical Question. 22 June 2007.

• • His statement: "I do not see how they could have been confused. Malaria is a chronic fever, caused by a microorganism that is suppressed but not cured by quinine. Malaria attacks could easily become worse if the patient was reinfected by a trip to Panama. Even in the 1860s, malaria was easily distinguishable from yellow fever. Yellow fever is not a chronic disease. The victim has a single acute episode, with liver complications (hence the yellow skin color). If you survive the attack, you are immune to later episodes.

• • "Decompression sickness is acute, very painful, but would not show the fever or liver symptoms associated with malaria or yellow fever. The doctors at the time may not have known the precise causes of the three conditions, but it is inconceivable to me that they might confuse them."

• • And a follow-up email from the same day: "Decompression sickness, or caisson disease, or "the bends" was first documented in the 1840s. A competent doctor could not mistake this condition for malaria or some other tropical fever. I notice the article doesn't actually say malaria - - -it says "fever." There are dozens.

• • "Don't sell the doctors of the 1860s and 70s short. They knew the difference between malaria, decompression sickness, heart attack, stroke, etc. They didn't always know causality, but they were good diagnosticians. I also note that there is no description of Kroehl's last dive. Was he found dead when the sub surfaced? Was there a coroner's inquest? How long did it take "all the other divers" to die? How big was the crew? If it was powered by human muscle (like the Hunley), one man could not have moved it very far. Did anyone else die the day that Kroehl died?"

• My note - considering that Consul Smith's predecessor died earlier that year from malaria, and that Consul Smith, being veteran of the Vicksburg campaign, would have been familiar with such fevers. I have set up a discussion area to follow up and determine what was the actual cause of death. Right now, I am trying to access the consular papers as well as the any documents that were generated by local authorities in Panama.

I would also like to thank the Frederick County Historical Society, St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church of Frederick, MD, the Georgetown University Library Research Department, the National Archives & Records Administration Northeast Region, the Center for Disease Control & Prevention Library, the National Museum of Civil War Medicine, the National Institute of Health's National Library of Medicine, Trinity Episcopal Church at Asbury Park, NJ, the Grand Lodge of New Jersey F&AM, the US Army Military History Institute, and the authors Chester G. Hearn and Albert Theberge. As my research continues, this list will grow.

However, I wish to point out that others have helped, though they may not have had the information I requested, but did diligently search their archives at my request and provided suggestions on where else to investigate: the Erie Public Library (Hearn’s research papers), the University of Tennessee Archives (Farragut Papers) and Farragut Folk Life Museum, the Mariners’ Museum Library, the Archdiocese of St. Paul, MN, the Minnesota Historical Society, Livingston Masonic Library, the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia FAAM, the George Eastman House, the Cooper Union Library Archives – this list will also grow, but one must check the sources regardless.