José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
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| Dr. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco | |
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| In office October 12, 1813 – February 12, 1814 June 12, 1814 – September 20, 1840 |
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| Preceded by | Fulgencio Yegros (1813) Fulgencio Yegros (1814) |
| Succeeded by | Fulgencio Yegros (1814) Manuel Antonio Ortiz (1840) |
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| Born | January 6, 1766 Yaguarón, Paraguay |
| Died | September 20, 1840 Paraguay |
| Nationality |  Paraguay Paraguayan |
| Political party | Independent |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Dr. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco (January 6, 1766 – September 20, 1840) was the first leader of Paraguay following its independence from Spain. He ran the country with no outside interference and little outside influence from 1814 to 1840.
Although his father, a native of São Paulo, was simply García Rodríguez Francia, the dictator inserted de to style himself "Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco". He is often referred to simply as "Dr. Francia".
Born in Yaguarón, he became a doctor of theology and trained for the Catholic priesthood but never entered it. When Paraguay's independence was declared in 1811, he was appointed secretary to the national junta or congress. He was one of the few men in the country with any significant education, and soon became the country's real leader.
In 1814, a congress named him Consul of Paraguay, with absolute powers for three years. At the end of that term, he sought and received absolute control over the country for life. For the next 26 years, he ran the country with the aid of only three other people. He aimed to found a society on the principles of Rousseau's Social Contract and was also inspired by Robespierre and Napoleon. To create such a personal utopia he imposed a ruthless isolation upon Paraguay, interdicting all external trade, while at the same time he fostered national industries. He became known as a caudillo who ruled through ruthless suppression and random terror with increasing signs of madness, and was known as "El Supremo".
However, despite these seemingly authoritarian attributes, Dr. Francia helped to create one of the first per-industrial societies in Latin America. By closing the borders to free trade (which was at that time almost solely British), Dr. Francia allowed Paraguayan factories to open and begin producing manufactured goods. While the people were limited to buying only from Paraguayan companies, the country under Francia was the earliest example of a Latin American country exhibiting Henry Ford's more modern idea of paying the factory workers enough money to be able to afford the products they make.
However, since this closing of the market was viewed by Britain as counter to their system of free trade, they incited dissent with the newly industrializing nation in the neighboring countries of Brazil and Argentina, which eventually led to the War of the Triple Alliance, the reopening of Paraguay's market, and the end of industrialization. To this day, Paraguay's economy has never reached the same threshold of industrialization as it did under Dr. Francia and his successors.
He outlawed all opposition and abolished higher education (while expanding the school system), newspapers and the postal service. He abolished the Inquisition and established a secret police force. He had abolished higher education because he saw the need to spend more money in the military in order to defend Paraguayan independence from those that did not recognize it such as Argentina.
Leading a spartan lifestyle, Francia frowned on excessive possessions or festivities. He even returned his unspent salary to the treasury. He closed the borders of the country to both people and trade (including river trade with neighbouring Argentina, from which Paraguay had broken off during the Wars of Independence), reasoning this would prevent a national debt from forming, but also isolating the country from outside – especially modernising European influences.
Francia later seized the possessions of the Roman Catholic Church, nationalising the land as communal farms which proved successful. He appointed himself head of the Paraguayan church, for which the Pope excommunicated him.
He made marriage subject to high taxation and restrictions, insisting he personally conduct all weddings. To reduce the influence of the Spanish gentry, he forbade them to marry among themselves. He himself had no close relationships, but had a daughter, Ubalde García de Cañete.
One Latin American scholar summarized his rule as follows:
As time went on he appears to have grown more arbitrary and despotic. Deeply imbued with the principles of the French Revolution, he was a stern antagonist of the church. He abolished the Inquisition, suppressed the college of theology, did away with the tithes, and inflicted endless indignities on the priests. He kept the aristocracy in subjection and discouraged marriage both by precept and example, leaving behind him several illegitimate children. For the extravagances of his later years the plea of insanity has been put forward.[1]
Francia's later years were known for their seemingly arbitrary rulings. He ordered all dogs to be shot. Not only did everyone have to raise their hat when he passed, but those without hats had to carry brims to raise.[1]
When Francia died in September 1840, his body was fed to caiman and his furniture burnt. His reputation abroad was negative, though Thomas Carlyle, no friend to democracy, found material to admire even in the publications of Francia's detractors and wrote in an 1843 essay "Liberty of private judgement, unless it kept its mouth shut, was at an end in Paraguay" but considered that under the social circumstances this was of little detriment to a "Gaucho population... not yet fit for constitutional liberty." A modern reader might consider this faint praise, taken all in all.
There is today a museum dedicated to Rodríguez de Francia in Yaguarón. Even today, he is still considered a national hero. Paraguayan author Augusto Roa Bastos wrote a book based on the life of Francia entitled Yo, el Supremo (I, the Supreme).
[edit] References
- ^ John Gimlette, At the Tomb of the Inflatable Pig: Travels through Paraguay
| Preceded by Fulgencio Yegros |
Consul of Paraguay 1813-1814 |
Succeeded by Fulgencio Yegros |
| Preceded by Fulgencio Yegros |
Consul of Paraguay 1814-1840 |
Succeeded by Manuel Antonio Ortiz |
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