José Enrique de la Peña

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Jose Enrique de la Peña (1807 – 1841 or 1842) was a colonel in the Mexican Army. Under General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, de la Peña participated in the Battle of the Alamo. In 1955 a book purporting to be his memoirs of the battle was published. The book claimed that Davy Crockett surrendered during the battle of the Alamo and was later executed. Historians disagree on whether the memoirs are accurate.

Contents

[edit] Life

De la Peña was born in Jalisco, Mexico in 1807. After training as a mining engineer, he entered the Mexican Navy in 1825 as a cadet first-class. Within two years he was promoted to second lieutenant,[1] and in 1827 he requested an assignment as part of the Mexican Legation to a European country. The assignment was not granted. Between July and November 1828 he wrote a series of articles for El Sol. Published under the pseudonym "Lover of the Navy", the articles were highly critical of David Porter, the American-born commander of the Mexican navy.[2] Later that year, de la Peña travelled to Veracruz to report for sea duty. During his journey he met Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, the commander of the state of Vera Cruz.[3] De la Peña received Santa Anna's permission to remain in Jalapa rather than continue on to Veracruz.[2] Under Santa Anna's command, he participated in the battle of Tampico, which drove Spanish invaders from Mexico.[3]

In September 1829, de la Peña wrote several more articles critical of the Mexican navy. Rather than use a pseudonym, he signed the articles with his initials "JEP".[2] At some point that year de la Peña was transferred into the service of General Melchor Múzquiz. Little is known of his life over the next several years. In 1830 he suffered from smallpox.[3] The following year he attended military college to study arithmetic, algebra, speculative geometry and plane trigonometry. After completing his studies, in October 1831 he was ordered to accompany students to Acapulco for shipboard duty.[4] He did not follow the order, later explaining that he was ill. By the end of the year he reported for duty on the corvette Morales.[3]

When Santa Anna assumed power in 1833 de la Peña requested a commission as a lieutenant colonel in the Mexican Army. He was granted a post as captain of a cavalry unit.[3] In May 1833 he was assigned to a legation in London. Although he had requested such assignments for seven years,[4] de la Peña did not wish to travel to London, whose climate and language he disliked.[5] After unsuccessful attempts to be change his asssignment to France, de la Peña withdrew his request and instead asked to become a part of the Federal Division of the President.[4][6] He was transferred to the Federal Division in December 1833, but in May 1834 he requested to be assigned to the Mexican Legation in the United States; this request was denied.[3]

By the onset of the Texas Revolution in October 1835, de la Peña had been demoted to lieutenant and was a staff officer for the elite Zapadores Battalion. However, when the Mexican Army of Operations marched into Texas to subdue the revolution in January 1836, de la Peña was serving as an aide for Colonel Francisco Duque of the Toluca Battalion. The Toluca Battalion joined the rest of Santa Anna's army in San Antonio on March 4, 1836, eleven days after the siege of the Texas garrison in the Alamo Mission had begun. Santa Anna launched an assault on the Alamo in the early hours of March 6.[3] Duque was assigned to lead one of the four assault columns, and he requested that de la Peña accompany him. De la Peña remained at the front until Duque fell wounded and then returned to the rear to find General Manuel Fernández Castrillón, second-in-command of that column. At least twice more de la Peña returned to the front lines to accept or deliver messages. His only wound was a serious bruise.[7] After the Battle of the Alamo, de la Peña saw no further action.[3]

After Santa Anna was captured at the Battle of San Jacinto, de la Peña retreated with the rest of the Mexican army back to Mexico, arriving in Matamoros on June 6, 1836.[7] The Zapadores Battalion had an unfilled slot for a captain, and de la Peña was soon promoted to take that position. For the next few months de la Peña requested letters of commendation from other officers for his actions during the Texas campaigns, receiving ones from Lieutenant Colonel Ampudia, Duque, Lieutenant Colonal Amat, and even from General Jose de Urrea, who had not been part of the battle of the Alamo.[8]

In December 1836 de la Peña was in Mexico City, where he testified in the inquiry into the actions of General Vicente Filisola during the army's retreat from Texas.[3] During this time, de la Peña wrote a newspaper articles criticizing Filisola, which he signed "An Admirer of Texas". Filisola knew that de la Peña had authored the article and the following week published a counterattack, referring to de la Peña as "Peñita". De la Peña then published a very long article defending himself and further criticizing Filisola. His letters of commendation were published in conjunction with the article.[8] The articles also mentioned that de la Peña had kept a diary during his time in Texas.[3]

De la Peña was promoted to lieutenant colonel by April 1837. That month, he was sent to Sonora, where he served under General Urrea.[3] On January 7, 1838, de la Peña published a "fiery proclamation" exhorting his garrison in the District of Baroyecca to support liberty and Urrea.[8] The following week he issued a similar proclamation, published in El Cosmopolita in the town of Los Alamos.[9] De la Peña joined Urrea in an uprising to overthrow Santa Anna and restore the Constitution of 1824. He was arrested and imprisoned at Guadalajara before being dishonorably discharged in 1839. He died in either 1840 or 1841. [3]

[edit] Alamo memoirs

While in prison, de la Peña wrote an article about some of his experiences fighting in Texas.[3]

If those in the cultured countries name us savages and assassins, none more than general Santa Anna has given an occasion to this. In the Alamo he ordered the murder of a few unfortunates who had survived the catastrophe, and whom general Castrillón presented imploring his mercy. Among those had been a man who pertained to the natural sciences, whose love of it had conducted him to Texas, and who locked himself up in the Alamo not believing it safe by his quality of foreigner, when general Santa Anna surprised [San Antonio].[9]

This article contained de la Peña's first mention of the execution of Texian survivors at the Alamo, but did not mention names of any of those executed and did not claim that de la Peña was an eyewitness.[3] The article was never published and the original copies have been lost. Although a reprint survives, because of the lack of publication it is difficult to determine the authenticity of the documents.[3]

In 1955 Jesús Sanchez Garza published a book called La Rebelion de Texas—Manuscrito Inedito de 1836 por un Ofical de Santa Anna purporting to be de la Peña's memoirs. Inedito means "unpublished" in Spanish, meaning that this was the first time the memoirs were publicly available. [10] Garza self-published the book, which included the diary, 40 pages of introductory material on de la Peña and an additional 90 pages of supporting documents, including the only known copy of the article de la Peña wrote from prison. The book had little impact on historical research into the Alamo as it had only a limited printing in Spanish in Mexico, and many researchers did not know it existed. [11] In 1975 the Texas A&M University Press published an English translation of the book, called With Santa Anna in Texas: A Personal Narrative of the Revolution.[10] The English publication caused a scandal within the United States as it asserted that Davy Crockett did not die in battle but instead surrendered near the end of the battle of the Alamo. According to the book, Crockett was taken prisoner and tried to talk himself out of trouble before Santa Anna ordered him executed.[12]

Historians disagree on whether any or all of the book has been faked.[10][13] Because the original book was self-published, no editor or publisher ever vetted its authenticity.[14] Garza never explained how he gained custody of the documents or where they were stored after de la Peña's death. Some historians, including Bill Groneman, found it suspicious that Garza's compilation was published in 1955, at the height of interest in Davy Crockett and the Alamo caused by Walt Disney's television series about Crockett's life.[15] The original manuscript, consisting of 200 loose pages, was auctioned in 1998 for $387,500. It now resides at the Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin.[16]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Todish et al (1998), p. 118.
  2. ^ a b c Groneman (1999), p. 116.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Todish (1998), p. 119.
  4. ^ a b c Groneman (1999), p. 117.
  5. ^ Groneman (1999), p. 119.
  6. ^ Groneman (1999), p. 118.
  7. ^ a b Groneman (1999), p. 120.
  8. ^ a b c Groneman (1999), p. 122.
  9. ^ a b Groneman (1999), p. 123.
  10. ^ a b c Todish et al (1998), p. 120.
  11. ^ Groneman (1999), p. 125.
  12. ^ Nofi (1992), p. 121.
  13. ^ Groneman (1999), p. 133.
  14. ^ Groneman (1999), p. 128.
  15. ^ Groneman (1999), p. 136.
  16. ^ Texans buy controversial diary that challenges Alamo legend, CNN.com, November 19, 1998, <http://www.cnn.com/US/9811/19/alamo.auction>. Retrieved on 15 April 2008 

[edit] References

  • Groneman, Bill (1999), Death of a Legend: The Myth and Mystery Surrounding the Death of Davy Crockett, Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press, ISBN 9781556226885 
  • Nofi, Albert A. (1992), The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History, Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, Inc., ISBN 0938289101 
  • Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry & Spring, Ted (1998), Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution, Austin, TX: Eakin Press, ISBN 9781571681522