User:JonSDSUGrad/Sandbox/TEST9 Amyloid precursor protein

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Amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease), also known as APP, is a human gene.

Amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease)
PDB rendering based on 1aap.
Available structures: 1aap, 1amb, 1amc, 1aml, 1ba4, 1ba6, 1brc, 1ca0, 1iyt, 1mwp, 1owt, 1rw6, 1taw, 1tkn, 1z0q, 1zjd, 2beg, 2fjz, 2fk1, 2fk2, 2fk3, 2fkl, 2fma, 2g47
Identifiers
Symbol(s) APP; AAA; ABETA; ABPP; AD1; APPI; CTFgamma; CVAP; PN2
External IDs OMIM: 104760 MGI: 88059 HomoloGene: 56379
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 351 11820
Ensembl ENSG00000142192 ENSMUSG00000022892
Uniprot P05067 n/a
Refseq NM_000484 (mRNA)
NP_000475 (protein)		 NM_007471 (mRNA)
NP_031497 (protein)
Location Chr 21: 26.17 - 26.47 Mb Chr 16: 84.84 - 85.06 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]

This gene encodes a cell surface receptor and transmembrane precursor protein that is cleaved by secretases to form a number of peptides. Some of these peptides are secreted and can bind to the acetyltransferase complex APBB1/TIP60 to promote transcriptional activation, while others form the protein basis of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease. Mutations in this gene have been implicated in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease and cerebroarterial amyloidosis (cerebral amyloid angiopathy). Multiple transcript variants encoding several different isoforms have been found for this gene.[1]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Entrez Gene: APP amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease). Retrieved on 2007-08-10.

[edit] Further reading

  • Beyreuther K, Pollwein P, Multhaup G, et al. (1993). "Regulation and expression of the Alzheimer's beta/A4 amyloid protein precursor in health, disease, and Down's syndrome.". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 695: 91-102. PMID 8239320. 
  • Janciauskiene S, Wright HT (1999). "Inflammation, antichymotrypsin, and lipid metabolism: autogenic etiology of Alzheimer's disease.". Bioessays 20 (12): 1039-46. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199812)20:12<1039::AID-BIES10>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 10048303. 
  • Kontush A (2002). "Alzheimer's amyloid-beta as a preventive antioxidant for brain lipoproteins.". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 21 (4): 299-315. PMID 11775062. 
  • Blennow K, Vanmechelen E, Hampel H (2002). "CSF total tau, Abeta42 and phosphorylated tau protein as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease.". Mol. Neurobiol. 24 (1-3): 87-97. PMID 11831556. 
  • Yanagisawa K (2002). "[Pathological implications of GM1 ganglioside-bound amyloid beta-protein in Alzheimer's disease]". Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 47 (4 Suppl): 344-50. PMID 11915325. 
  • Matsuzaki K (2002). "[Interactions between amyloid beta--protein and gangliosides]". Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 47 (4 Suppl): 351-6. PMID 11915326. 
  • Bush AI, Tanzi RE (2002). "The galvanization of beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (11): 7317-9. doi:10.1073/pnas.122249699. PMID 12032279. 
  • Doré S (2002). "Decreased activity of the antioxidant heme oxygenase enzyme: implications in ischemia and in Alzheimer's disease.". Free Radic. Biol. Med. 32 (12): 1276-82. PMID 12057765. 
  • Straub JE, Guevara J, Huo S, Lee JP (2003). "Long time dynamic simulations: exploring the folding pathways of an Alzheimer's amyloid Abeta-peptide.". Acc. Chem. Res. 35 (6): 473-81. PMID 12069633. 
  • Annaert W, De Strooper B (2003). "A cell biological perspective on Alzheimer's disease.". Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 18: 25-51. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.18.020402.142302. PMID 12142279. 
  • Koo EH (2003). "The beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Alzheimer's disease: does the tail wag the dog?". Traffic 3 (11): 763-70. PMID 12383342. 
  • Van Nostrand WE, Melchor JP, Romanov G, et al. (2003). "Pathogenic effects of cerebral amyloid angiopathy mutations in the amyloid beta-protein precursor.". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 977: 258-65. PMID 12480759. 
  • Ling Y, Morgan K, Kalsheker N (2004). "Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the biology of proteolytic processing: relevance to Alzheimer's disease.". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 35 (11): 1505-35. PMID 12824062. 
  • Kerr ML, Small DH (2005). "Cytoplasmic domain of the beta-amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease: function, regulation of proteolysis, and implications for drug development.". J. Neurosci. Res. 80 (2): 151-9. doi:10.1002/jnr.20408. PMID 15672415. 
  • Maynard CJ, Bush AI, Masters CL, et al. (2005). "Metals and amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease.". International journal of experimental pathology 86 (3): 147-59. doi:10.1111/j.0959-9673.2005.00434.x. PMID 15910549. 
  • Tickler AK, Wade JD, Separovic F (2005). "The role of Abeta peptides in Alzheimer's disease.". Protein Pept. Lett. 12 (6): 513-9. PMID 16101387. 
  • Reinhard C, Hébert SS, De Strooper B (2006). "The amyloid-beta precursor protein: integrating structure with biological function.". EMBO J. 24 (23): 3996-4006. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600860. PMID 16252002. 
  • Watson D, Castaño E, Kokjohn TA, et al. (2006). "Physicochemical characteristics of soluble oligomeric Abeta and their pathologic role in Alzheimer's disease.". Neurol. Res. 27 (8): 869-81. doi:10.1179/016164105X49436. PMID 16354549. 
  • Calinisan V, Gravem D, Chen RP, et al. (2006). "New insights into potential functions for the protein 4.1 superfamily of proteins in kidney epithelium.". Front. Biosci. 11: 1646-66. PMID 16368544. 
  • Vetrivel KS, Thinakaran G (2006). "Amyloidogenic processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein in intracellular compartments.". Neurology 66 (2 Suppl 1): S69-73. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000192107.17175.39. PMID 16432149. 
  • Gallo C, Orlassino R, Vineis C (2006). "[Recurrent intraparenchimal haemorrhages in a patient with cerebral amyloidotic angiopathy: description of one autopsy case]". Pathologica 98 (1): 44-7. PMID 16789686. 
  • Coulson EJ (2006). "Does the p75 neurotrophin receptor mediate Abeta-induced toxicity in Alzheimer's disease?". J. Neurochem. 98 (3): 654-60. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03905.x. PMID 16893414. 
  • Menéndez-González M, Pérez-Pinera P, Martínez-Rivera M, et al. (2006). "APP processing and the APP-KPI domain involvement in the amyloid cascade.". Neuro-degenerative diseases 2 (6): 277-83. doi:10.1159/000092315. PMID 16909010. 
  • Neve RL, McPhie DL (2007). "Dysfunction of amyloid precursor protein signaling in neurons leads to DNA synthesis and apoptosis.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1772 (4): 430-7. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.10.008. PMID 17113271. 
  • Chen X, Stern D, Yan SD (2007). "Mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease.". Current Alzheimer research 3 (5): 515-20. PMID 17168650. 
  • Caltagarone J, Jing Z, Bowser R (2007). "Focal adhesions regulate Abeta signaling and cell death in Alzheimer's disease.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1772 (4): 438-45. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.11.007. PMID 17215111. 
  • Wolfe MS (2007). "When loss is gain: reduced presenilin proteolytic function leads to increased Abeta42/Abeta40. Talking Point on the role of presenilin mutations in Alzheimer disease.". EMBO Rep. 8 (2): 136-40. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400896. PMID 17268504.