User:JonSDSUGrad/Sandbox/TEST11 Apolipoprotein E

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Apolipoprotein E
PDB rendering based on 1b68.
Available structures: 1b68, 1bz4, 1ea8, 1gs9, 1h7i, 1le2, 1le4, 1lpe, 1nfn, 1nfo, 1or2, 1or3
Identifiers
Symbol(s) APOE; AD2; MGC1571; apoprotein
External IDs OMIM: 107741 MGI: 88057 HomoloGene: 30951
RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 348 11816
Ensembl ENSG00000130203 ENSMUSG00000002985
Uniprot P02649 Q3TX45
Refseq NM_000041 (mRNA)
NP_000032 (protein)		 NM_009696 (mRNA)
NP_033826 (protein)
Location Chr 19: 50.1 - 50.1 Mb Chr 7: 18.85 - 18.86 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]

Apolipoprotein E (APOE), a main apoprotein of the chylomicron, binds to a specific receptor on liver cells and peripheral cells.

Chylomicron remnants and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants are rapidly removed from the circulation by receptor-mediated endocytosis in the liver. Apolipoprotein E, a main apoprotein of the chylomicron, binds to a specific receptor on liver cells and peripheral cells. ApoE is essential for the normal catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein constituents. The APOE gene is mapped to chromosome 19 in a cluster with APOC1 and APOC2. Defects in apolipoprotein E result in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, or type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III), in which increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are the consequence of impaired clearance of chylomicron and VLDL remnants.[1]

Contents

[edit] Function

APOE[2] is essential for the normal catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein constituents. APOE was initially recognized for its importance in lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease. More recently, it has been studied for its role in several biological processes not directly related to lipoprotein transport, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), immunoregulation, and cognition. Neonates with brain injuries and/or defects who also have abnormalities in the APOE gene may have an increased risk for cerebral palsy, according to researchers at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Defects in APOE result in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, or type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III), in which increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are the consequence of impaired clearance of chylomicron, VLDL and LDL remnants.

APOE is 299 amino acids long and transports lipoproteins, fat-soluble vitamins, and cholesterol into the lymph system and then into the blood. It is synthesized principally in the liver, but has also been found in other tissues such as the brain, kidneys, and spleen. In the nervous system, non-neuronal cell types, most notably astroglia and microglia, are the primary producers of APOE, while neurons preferentially express the receptors for APOE. There are seven currently identified mammalian receptors for APOE which belong to the evolutionarily conserved low density lipoprotein receptor gene family.

[edit] Gene

The APOE gene, ApoE, is mapped to chromosome 19 in a cluster with Apolipoprotein C1 and Apolipoprotein C2. ApoE consists of four exons and three introns, totaling 3597 base pairs.

The gene is polymorphic, with three major alleles, ApoE2, ApoE3, ApoE4, which translate into three isoforms of the protein: normal - ApoE-ε3; dysfunctional - ApoE-ε2 and ApoE-ε4. These isoforms differ from each other only by single amino acid substitutions at positions 112 and 158, but have profound physiological consequences.

ApoE is a target gene of liver X receptor, a nuclear receptor member that play role in metabolism regulation of cholesterol, fatty acid, and glucose homeostasis.

[edit] Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

APOE-ε4 has been shown to cause an increased susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease.[3] The pivotal role of ApoE in AD was first identified through linkage analysis by Margaret Pericak-Vance while working in the Roses lab at Duke University. Linkage studies were followed by association analysis confirming the role of the APOE-ε4 allele.

Although 40-65% of AD patients have at least one copy of the 4 allele ApoE4 is not a determinant of the disease - at least a third of patients with AD are ApoE4 negative and some ApoE4 homozygotes never develop the disease.

Among ApoE4 carriers, another gene, GAB2, is thought to further influence the risk of getting AD.[4]

There is also evidence that the 2 allele may serve a protective role in AD.[5]

Thus, the genotype most at risk for Alzheimer's disease and at earlier age is ApoE 4,4. The ApoE 3,4 genotype is at increased risk, though not to the degree that those homozygous for ApoE 4 are. The genotype ApoE 3,3 is considered at normal risk for Alzheimer's disease. The genotype ApoE 2,3 is considered at less risk for Alzheimer's disease. Interestingly, people with both a copy of the 2 allele and the 4 allele, ApoE 2,4, are at normal risk similar to the ApoE 3,3 genotype.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Entrez Gene: APOE apolipoprotein E.
  2. ^ Singh PP, Singh M, Mastana SS (2002). "Genetic variation of apolipoproteins in North Indians". Hum. Biol. 74 (5): 673-82. PMID 12495081. 
  3. ^ Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Small GW, Roses AD, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA (1993). "Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families". Science 261 (5123): 921-3. PMID 8346443. 
  4. ^ Reiman EM, Webster JA, Myers AJ, Hardy J, Dunckley T, Zismann VL, Joshipura KD, Pearson JV, Hu-Lince D, Huentelman MJ, Craig DW, Coon KD, Liang WS, Herbert RH, Beach T, Rohrer KC, Zhao AS, Leung D, Bryden L, Marlowe L, Kaleem M, Mastroeni D, Grover A, Heward CB, Ravid R, Rogers J, Hutton ML, Melquist S, Petersen RC, Alexander GE, Caselli RJ, Kukull W, Papassotiropoulos A, Stephan DA (2007). "GAB2 Alleles Modify Alzheimer's Risk in APOE varepsilon4 Carriers" 54 (5): 713-720. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.022. PMID 17553421.  Free full text Free PDF Genetic data in the public domain
  5. ^ Corder EH, Saunders AM, Risch NJ, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Rimmler JB, Locke PA, Conneally PM, Schmader KE (1994). "Protective effect of apolipoprotein E type 2 allele for late onset Alzheimer disease". Nat. Genet. 7 (2): 180-4. doi:10.1038/ng0694-180. PMID 7920638. 

[edit] Further reading

  • Mahley RW (1988). "Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology.". Science 240 (4852): 622-30. PMID 3283935. 
  • Strittmatter WJ, Roses AD (1995). "Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (11): 4725-7. PMID 7761390. 
  • de Knijff P, van den Maagdenberg AM, Frants RR, Havekes LM (1995). "Genetic heterogeneity of apolipoprotein E and its influence on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels.". Hum. Mutat. 4 (3): 178-94. doi:10.1002/humu.1380040303. PMID 7833947. 
  • Roses AD, Einstein G, Gilbert J, et al. (1996). "Morphological, biochemical, and genetic support for an apolipoprotein E effect on microtubular metabolism.". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 777: 146-57. PMID 8624078. 
  • Beffert U, Danik M, Krzywkowski P, et al. (1998). "The neurobiology of apolipoproteins and their receptors in the CNS and Alzheimer's disease.". Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 27 (2): 119-42. PMID 9622609. 
  • Mahley RW, Ji ZS (1999). "Remnant lipoprotein metabolism: key pathways involving cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans and apolipoprotein E.". J. Lipid Res. 40 (1): 1-16. PMID 9869645. 
  • Mahley RW, Rall SC (2002). "Apolipoprotein E: far more than a lipid transport protein.". Annual review of genomics and human genetics 1: 507-37. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.1.1.507. PMID 11701639. 
  • Parasuraman R, Greenwood PM, Sunderland T (2002). "The apolipoprotein E gene, attention, and brain function.". Neuropsychology 16 (2): 254-74. PMID 11949718. 
  • Bocksch L, Stephens T, Lucas A, Singh B (2003). "Apolipoprotein E: possible therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.". Current drug targets. Cardiovascular & haematological disorders 1 (2): 93-106. PMID 12769659. 
  • Masterman T, Hillert J (2004). "The telltale scan: APOE epsilon4 in multiple sclerosis.". Lancet neurology 3 (6): 331. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00763-X. PMID 15157846. 
  • Ashford JW (2004). "APOE genotype effects on Alzheimer's disease onset and epidemiology.". J. Mol. Neurosci. 23 (3): 157-65. PMID 15181244. 
  • Huang Y, Weisgraber KH, Mucke L, Mahley RW (2004). "Apolipoprotein E: diversity of cellular origins, structural and biophysical properties, and effects in Alzheimer's disease.". J. Mol. Neurosci. 23 (3): 189-204. PMID 15181247. 
  • Itzhaki RF, Dobson CB, Shipley SJ, Wozniak MA (2004). "The role of viruses and of APOE in dementia.". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1019: 15-8. doi:10.1196/annals.1297.003. PMID 15246985. 

[edit] External links

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Lipids: lipoprotein metabolism
General
Apolipoproteins
APOA (1, 2, 5) - APOB - APOC (1, 2, 3, 4) - APOD - APOE - APOH
Other
see also disorders