Joint Chiefs of Staff
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The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is a group comprising the Chiefs of service of each major branch of the armed services in the United States armed forces. [1] Similar organizations, sometimes known as Chiefs of Staff Committees (COSCs) in the Commonwealth of Nations, are common in other countries.
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[edit] History
As the military of the United States grew in size following the American Civil War, joint military action between the Army and Navy became increasingly difficult. Following public criticism over the lack of organization between the services in the Spanish-American War, the Joint Army and Navy Board was established in 1903. Composed of the military heads and chief planners of both the Army and Navy, the Board was created to plan joint operations and resolve problems of common concern for the two services.
Unfortunately, the Joint Board accomplished little as its charter gave it no authority to enforce its decisions. The Joint Board also lacked the ability to originate its own opinions and was thus limited to commenting only on the problems submitted to it by the Secretaries of the Army and Navy. As a result, the Joint Board had little to no impact on the manner the United States conducted World War I.
After WWI, in 1919 the two Secretaries agreed to reestablish and revitalize the Joint Board. This time, the Joint Board’s membership would include the Chiefs of Staff, their deputies, and the Chief of War Plans Division for the Army and Director of Plans Division for the Navy. Under the Joint Board would be a staff called the Joint Planning Committee to serve the Board. Along with new membership, the Joint Board could initiate recommendations on its own initiative. However, the Joint Board still did not possess the legal authority to enforce its decisions.
In 1942, President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill established the Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States' entrance into World War II. The CCS would serve as the supreme military body for strategic direction of the US-British Commonwealth war effort. Although the UK had the Chiefs of Staff Committee, the United States, however, had no equivalent agency with which to provide the CCS with American services.
Though the Joint Board did exist, its authority and services were of little use to the CCS. Although its 1935 publication, Joint Action of the Army and Navy, gave some guidance for the joint operations during World War II, the Joint Board held little influence in that war. Following the end of WWII, the Joint Board was officially disbanded in 1947.
To fill the need for a coordinated effort and to provide coordinated staff work, Admiral William D. Leahy proposed a concept of a "unified high command" in what would be called the Joint Chiefs of Staff. On July 20, 1942, Admiral Leahy became the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy and created a staff of the chiefs of staff of the services to serve under him.
The first members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were:
| Name | Position | Branch |
|---|---|---|
| Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy | Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy and Special Presidential Military Advisor | United States Navy |
| General of the Army George C. Marshall | Chief of Staff of the United States Army | United States Army |
| Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King | Chief of Naval Operations and Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet | United States Navy |
| General of the Army* Henry H. Arnold | Deputy Army Chief of Staff for Air and Chief of the Army Air Forces | United States Army Air Forces |
*Eventually Arnold was later promoted to General of the Air Force, his rank was General of the Army while he was serving as Chief of the Army Air Forces.
With the end of World War II, the Joint Chiefs of Staff was officially established under the National Security Act of 1947.
[edit] Roles and Responsibilities
After the 1986 reorganization of the military undertaken by the Goldwater-Nichols Act, the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not have operational command of U.S. military forces. Responsibility for conducting military operations goes from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands and thus bypasses the Joint Chiefs of Staff completely.
Today, their primary responsibility is to ensure the personnel readiness, policy, planning and training of their respective military services for the combatant commanders to utilize. The Joint Chiefs of Staff also act in an advisory military capacity for the President of the United States and the Secretary of Defense. In addition, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff acts as the chief military advisor to the President and the Secretary of Defense. In this strictly advisory role, the Joint Chiefs constitute the second-highest deliberatory body for military policy, after the National Security Council, which includes the President and other officials besides the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs.
[edit] Current Joint Chiefs of Staff
Note:
- On June 8, 2007, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates recommended that Admiral Mike Mullen be nominated to replace General Pace when the Congressional confirmation of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff occurs in September. Secretary Gates stated that the contentious issue of the military actions in Iraq would shift "the focus of his [General Pace's] confirmation process would have been on the past rather than the future" and that the "divisive ordeal" of the reconfirmation "is not in the interest of the country."[5]
- Secretary Gates also recommended on the same day that General James E. Cartwright (United States Strategic Command) be nominated as Vice-Chairman in order to preserve the "balance" of the representation of each branch of service.
- The Joint Chiefs do not include the Commandant of the Coast Guard, Admiral Thad W. Allen. During peacetime, the Coast Guard is under the control of the Department of Homeland Security, whereas the other four are under the Department of Defense. The Coast Guard is subsumed into the Navy during wartime.
[edit] Leadership
[edit] Chairman
The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is by law the highest ranking military officer of the United States armed forces [2], and the principal military adviser to the President of the United States. He leads the meetings and coordinates the efforts of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, comprising the Chairman, the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chiefs of Staff of the United States Army and United States Air Force, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Commandant of the United States Marine Corps. The Joint Chiefs of Staff have offices in The Pentagon. The Chairman outranks all respective heads of each service branch [3] but does not have command authority over them, their service branches or the Unified Combatant Commands [3]. All combatant commanders receive operational orders directly from the Secretary of Defense [4].
The current Chairman is Admiral Michael Mullen, USN, who began his term on October 1, 2007.
Note:
- On July 20, 1942, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, USN, became the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy (July 20, 1942–March 21, 1949). He was not technically the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Leahy's office was the precursor to the post of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. That post was established and first held by General of the Army Omar Bradley in 1949.
[edit] Vice Chairman
The position of Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was created by the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986. The Vice Chairman is a four-star-general or admiral and by law the second highest ranking member of the U.S. Armed Forces (after the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff). In the absence of the Chairman, the Vice Chairman presides over the meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He may also perform such duties as the Chairman may prescribe. It was not until the National Defense Authorization Act in 1992 that the position was made a full voting member of the JCS. [6]
The current Vice Chairman is General James Cartwright, USMC.
[edit] Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman
Command Sgt. Maj. William J. Gainey was selected to serve as the first Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (SEAC) beginning Oct 1 2005. It was to be a newly created position established to advise the Chairman on all matters involving enlisted personnel in a joint environment.
The position of Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is currently vacant.
As the SEA to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Chairman), the SEAC will be an advisor to the Chairman on all matters concerning joint and combined total force integration, utilization, and development. Additionally, the SEAC will help develop noncommissioned officers (NCOs)-related joint professional education, enhance utilization of our senior NCOs on joint battle staffs, and support the Chairman’s responsibilities as directed.
[edit] Directorates of the Joint Staff
- J1 - Personnel and Manpower
- J2 - Intelligence
- J3 - Operations
- J4 - Logistics
- J5 - Strategic Plans and Policy
- J6 - Command, Control, Communications and Computer Systems
- J7 - Operational Plans and Joint Force Development
- J8 - Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment
[edit] Joint Chiefs of Staff: Civilian Awards
The Joint Chiefs may recognize private citizens, organizations or career civilian government employees for significant achievements provided to the joint community with one of the following decorations / awards. [7]
- CJCS Award for Distinguished Public Service (DPS)
- CJCS Award for Outstanding Public Service (OPS)
- CJCS Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award
- CJCS Joint Meritorious Civilian Service Award
- Joint Civilian Service Commendation Award (JCSCA)
- Joint Civilian Service Achievement Award (JCSAA)
[edit] Notes
[edit] See also
- Armed Forces Council (Canada)
- Chiefs of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)
- Staff (military)- see Modern United States military usage for organization of Joint Staff (J1 through J8)
[edit] Further reading
- Gillespie, Robert M. The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Escalation of the Vietnam Conflict, 1964-1965. Masters Thesis, Clemson University, 1994.
- Joint Chiefs of Staff, Organizational Development of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942-1987. Joint Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1988.
- McMaster, H.R. Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies that Led to Vietnam. New York: Harper Collins, 1997.
- Perry, Mark Four Stars: The Inside Story of the Forty-Year Battle Between the Joint Chiefs of Staff and America's Civilian Leaders. New Yotk: Houghton Mifflin, 1989, ISBN 0-395-42923-4.
- Rearden, Steven L. History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. 2 vols. Washington DC: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1984.
- Schnabel, James F. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy 1945-1947. Volume I. Washington DC: Joint History Office, The Joint Staff, 1996.
- Taylor, Maxwell D. The Uncertain Trumpet. New York: Harper & Row, 1959.
[edit] External links
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