Johnnie Johnson (RAF officer)

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This article is about the highly decorated RAF pilot. For the RAF officer involved in the development of the jet engine, see Johnny Johnson (RAF officer).
James Edgar "Johnnie" Johnson
9 March 1915–30 January 2001

Nickname "Johnnie"
Place of birth Barrow upon Soar, Leicestershire, England
Place of death Derbyshire, England
Allegiance Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom
Service/branch Flag of the Royal Air Force Royal Air Force
Years of service 1939–1966
Rank Air Vice Marshal
Battles/wars World War II
Korean War
Awards Companion of the Order of the Bath
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Distinguished Service Order & Two Bars
Distinguished Flying Cross & Bar

Air Vice Marshal James Edgar "Johnnie" Johnson CB, CBE, DSO & Two Bars, DFC and Bar (9 March 1915–30 January 2001) was a Royal Air Force (RAF) pilot who, during the Second World War, shot down 34 confirmed enemy aircraft, as well as seven shared victories, three shared probables, ten shared damaged and one destroyed on the ground. This score made him the highest scoring Western Allied pilot against Luftwaffe aircraft, thus officially becoming the British, and Western Allied flying ace, with the greatest number of victories in the European Theatre of World War II. Only Marmaduke Pattle claimed more kills in the RAF. (However not all of Pattle's claims can be verified and confirmed.)

Johnson was initially rejected by the RAF on medical grounds, but the outbreak of war, and the need for pilots saw Johnson accepted. However, his injury problems resurfaced and he missed the Battle of Britain. Johnson took part in the offensive sweeps over occuppied Europe from 1941-44, and saw combat during the Battle of Normandy. Johnson scored his last victory in September 1944, but he continued to fly combat missions to the last day of the war. Johnson continued his career in the RAF after the war, and served in the Korean War. Johnson eventually retired in 1966, at the rank of Air Vice Marshal. Johnnie Johnson died in 2001.

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[edit] Early life

Johnson was born in Barrow upon Soar, Leicestershire, England, and was educated at Loughborough Grammar School and the University of Nottingham where he qualified as a civil engineer. He would shoot rabbits and birds in the countryside. There is also a story of him being found in the school's swimming pool with a young lady, which was very taboo at the time. He was expelled from the school due to this incident. He also sustained a broken collar bone playing rugby union in 1938. Johnson found the wound had been improperly set, and thus did not properly heal.[1]

Johnson applied to join the Auxiliary Air Force, but the bone injury meant he was rejected on medical grounds; he then joined the Leicestershire Yeomanry, where the injury was not a bar to recruitment. However, standards became more forgiving as the RAF expanded, and he later successfully applied to join the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Johnson worked as a civil engineer in Nottingham before the war. [2]

[edit] Second World War

[edit] Training: 1939-40

In August 1939 Johnson was called up. Johnson spent the next year training at RAF Hawarden in Wales. During his training flights, the inexperienced Johnson stalled and crashed his Spitfire. Johnson had his harness straps on too loose, and wrenched his shoulders. The Spitfire did a ground loop, ripping off one of the under-carriage legs and forcing the other up through the port mainplane. The Commanding Officer excused Johnson, for the "short airfield" was difficult to land on, for an inexperienced pilot. However Johnson got the impression he would be watched closely, and felt another mistake and he would be "certainly washed out".[3] After training, he posted to No. 19 Squadron as a probationary Pilot Officer in the following August, though he was soon transferred to 616 Squadron at Coltishall.[4]. At this point, Johnson had "only" flown 205 hours, of which 23 hours were flying Spitfires.[5] However his injury continued to trouble him, and he found flying extremely painful. He opted to have an operation that would correct the problem, but this meant he would miss the Battle of Britain.

Johnson had tried to pack the injured shoulder with wool which were held in place by adhesive tape. He also tightened the straps to reduce vibrations. Johnson found he had lost his "feel" in his right hands, and they became numb. When he practised dives, the pressure also aggravated his shoulder. He often tried to fly using his left hand only, but the Spitfire would have to handled with both hands during anything other than simple manoeuvres.[6]

Eventually he approached a doctor about the problem. Johnson had hoped for discrete treatment, but word soon reached the C.O, and Johnson was taken off flying duties and sent to the RAF Hospital at Rauceby. Johnson did not return to the squadron until December 1940.[7]

[edit] Fighter Sweeps: 1941-1943

Johnson returned to operational flying in early 1941, and with 616 Squadron forming part of the Tangmere Wing Johnson often found himself flying alongside the legendary Wing Commander Douglas Bader. Johnson was to fly various marks of the Supermarine Spitfire throughout the war and was undoubtedly one of that fighter's greatest exponents. Proving himself both a capable fighter pilot and excellent formation leader, Johnson opened his account by claiming a Bf 109 fighter in May 1941. Flying extensively through the summer fighter offensives he was quickly promoted[8][9] and by June 1942 Johnson was in command of 610 Squadron. Johnson led his squadron through Operation Jubilee the Allied amphibious assault on the port of Dieppe. After shooting down a Fw 190, Johnson had what he considered his most difficult combat of the war, embroiled in an exhausting and hectic dogfight with a single Fw 190, and only managing to escape by power-diving through the AA barrage over the Allied destroyer screen.[10]

During leave, in November 1942, he married Pauline Ingate, and they had two sons.[11]

In March 1943, now an acting Wing Commander, he took over the Canadian Wing stationed at RAF Kenley. Despite initial resistance to a British Wing Leader from his tough, obstinate Canadian charges, he quickly won them over with his sheer force of personality. The unit, now flying the Spitfire Mk. IX, became one of the highest scoring fighter wings of the time. Johnson chose his radio call-sign at this time as "Greycap." During offensive sweeps over Europe and as escorts to the USAAF heavy bomber streams, he personally claimed 14 victories during the summer of 1943. Johnson's tour ended in September 1943 with a score of 25 kills. At this time he had been given a substantive promotion to Squadron Leader,[12] being given a desk job at No.11 Group Headquarters until March 1944, when he was put in charge of 144 (RCAF) Wing.

[edit] Normandy and Germany: 1944-45

Johnson scored his 28th victory on 5 May 1944 Johnson became the highest scoring ace still on operations. After D-Day in June 1944, Johnson added further to his tally, claiming another 10 aircraft shot down from March- July 1944. It was during this time that Johnson scored his 30th aerial victory after bouncing a formation of Bf 109s over Argentan. Two days later Johnson destroyed two more Bf 109s over the same area, equalling Sailor Malan's record score of 32 kills.[13][14] On 30 June 1944, Johnson scored his 33rd aerial victory, yet another Bf 109. Johnson had now passed Sailor Malan's record total of 32 confirmed kills. However Johnson considered Malan's exploits to be better. Johnson points out, when Malan fought (during 1940-41), he did so outnumbered, and had matched the enemy even then. Johnson said:

Malan had fought with great distinction when the odds were against him. He matched his handful of Spitfires against greatly superior numbers of Luftwaffe fighters and bombers. He had been forced to fight a defensive battle over southern England and often at a tactical disadvantage, when the top-cover Messerschmitts [Bf 109s and Bf 110s] were high in the sun. I had always fought on the offensive, and, after 1941, I had either a squadron, a wing or sometimes two wings behind me.[15]

The Wing was the first to be stationed on French soil following the invasion. With their radius of action now far extended compared to the squadrons still in the UK, the Wing scored heavily through the summer. After the Normandy break-out, 144 Wing was disbanded, Johnson being given command of 127 Wing.[16] On 21 August 1944, Johnson was leading No. 443 Squadron on a patrol over the Seine, near Paris. Johnson bounced a formation of Focke-Wulf Fw 190s, shooting down two, which were recorded on the cine camera.[17] Climbing back to his starting point at 8,000 feet, Johnson attempted to join a formation of six aircraft, he thought were Spitfires. The fighters were actually Messerschmitt Bf 109s. Johnson escaped by doing a series of steep climbs, during which he nearly stalled and blacked out. He eventually evaded the Messerschmitts, which had been trying to flank him on either side, while two more stuck to his tail. Johnson's Spitfire IX was hit by enemy aircraft fire for the first and only time, taking cannon shells in the rudder and elevators.[18]

Johnson's last victory of the war was on 27 September 1944 over Nijmegen. His flight bounced a formation of nine Bf 109s, one of which Johnson shot down. During this combat Squadron leader Henry "Wally" MacLeod, of the Royal Canadian Air Force, and his squadron had joined Johnson.[19] During the action Wally went missing. Johnson made repeated calls over the R/T, but Wally did not answer. After landing, Johnson could see Wally had not returned. Johnson "interrogated", the rest of the pilots. One of them had seen Wally chasing after a lone Messerschmitt[20]. Johnson, knowing McLeod well, believed he would have attacked regardless of the enemy fighters advantage:

I feel certain that he wouldn't have let go of the 109 until the issue had been decided one way or the other. There was no other aircraft in the area [that Johnson had seen] and they must have fought it out together, probably above the cloud. To start with he would have been at a disadvantage, for the 109 was already several thousand feet higher.[21] I think the Messerschmitt got him. It was always all or nothing for Wally.[22]

After the war, Johnson learned that Wally had been found in the wreckage of his Spitfire, near the scene of the battle. His score stood at 21 confirmed victories, with four probable and 10 damaged.[23]

His wartime record was 515 sorties flown, 34 aircraft claimed destroyed with a further seven shared destroyed (totalling 2.91 kills), three probable destroyed, ten damaged, and one shared destroyed on the ground.[24] All his "kills" were fighters. As a Wing Leader Johnson was able to use his initials JE-J in place of squadron code letters; he was to score the bulk of his victories flying two Mk IXs: EN398, JE-J in which he shot down 12 aircraft and shared five plus six damaged while commanding the Kenley Wing: MK392, an L.F Mk. IX, JE-J, 12 aircraft plus one shared destroyed on the ground. His last victory of the war was scored in this aircraft. He ended the war flying a Mk XIVe, MV268, JE-J.[25]

During the last week of the war, and for the duration of hostilities in May 1945, Johnson's squadron flew patrols over Berlin and Kiel. During a flight over central Germany Johnson's squadron attacked Luftwaffe airfields looking for Jet fighters. On one mission his unit strafed and destroyed 11 Bf 109s that were preparing to take off.[26] On one mission an enemy transport was sighted, but took evasive action and retreated back to German held territory. Johnson's pilots shot it down. However on another occasion Johnson intercepted a flight of four Fw 190s. The German fighters waggled their wings to signal non hostile intent and Johnson's unit escorted them to an RAF airfield.[27]

[edit] Post World War Two

In the aftermath of the war Johnson commanded RAF Second Tactical Air Force at RAF Wildenrath in the West Germany from 1952 - 1954. Johnson also commanded a force of V Bomber's based RAF Cottesmore from 1957 - 1960.


[edit] Korean War

Johnson was given a permanent commission by the RAF after the war (initially as a Squadron Leader, though retaining his wartime substative rank as Wing Commander, and later confirmed as a Wing Commander),[28][29][30][31] becoming OC Tactics at the Central Fighter Establishment. After an exchange posting to the USA, he flew F-86 Sabres with Tactical Air Command and went on to serve in the Korean War flying the F-80 Shooting Star. In 1952 he became Air Officer Commanding (AOC) RAF Wildenrath. An Air Commodore by 1960,[32] his next job was SASO at HQ No. 3 Group. By the time of retirement in 1966 Johnson was an Air Vice Marshal[33][34] and his last active post was AOC Air Forces Middle East.[35]

[edit] Later Life

He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for the County of Leicestershire in 1967.[36] He established the Johnnie Johnson Housing Trust in 1969.

Johnson died on 30 January 2001 aged 85 years from Cancer.[37]

[edit] Honours

[edit] Medals

[edit] References

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 45.
  2. ^ James Edgar "Johnnie" Johnson
  3. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 29.
  4. ^ London Gazette: no. 34937, page 5346, 3 September 1940. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  5. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 31.
  6. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 46.
  7. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 48.
  8. ^ London Gazette: no. 35260, pages 5026–5027, 29 August 1941. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  9. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35727, page 4277, 29 September 1942. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  10. ^ Johnson 2000, pp. 143–145.
  11. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 149.
  12. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36140, page 3736, 17 August 1943. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  13. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 242.
  14. ^ "British Air Ace ties for the lead"
  15. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 245.
  16. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 251.
  17. ^ Johnson 2000, pp. 261–263.
  18. ^ Johnson 2000, pp. 263–265.
  19. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 273.
  20. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 275.
  21. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 275
  22. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 278.
  23. ^ http://acesofww2.com/Canada/Canada.htm Canadian Ace: Henry Wallace "Wally" Mcleod
  24. ^ Shores and Williams 1994, p. 358.
  25. ^ Price 1995, pp. 34, 36, 38, 89, 92.
  26. ^ Johnson 2000, pp. 306–308.
  27. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 310.
  28. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37333, page 5339, 30 October 1945. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  29. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37511, pages 1531–1532, 22 March 1946. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  30. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37892, pages 969–971, 25 February 1947. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  31. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38020, pages 3417–3419, 18 July 1947. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  32. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 42080, page 4577, 28 June 1960. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  33. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 42881, page 79, 28 December 1962. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  34. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 43923, page 2847, 11 March 1966. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  35. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 43838, page 11687, 10 December 1965. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  36. ^ London Gazette: no. 44407, page 9975, 14 September 1967. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  37. ^ New York Times
  38. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36041, page 2565, 1 June 1943. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  39. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36183, page 4245, 21 September 1943. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  40. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36598, page 3185, 4 July 1944. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  41. ^ London Gazette: no. 35291, pages 5649–5650, 26 September 1941. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  42. ^ London Gazette: no. 35609, page 2817, 23 June 1942. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  43. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 41909, page 9, 29 December 1959. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  44. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 43667, page 5473, 4 June 1965. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  45. ^ a b London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37998, page 2937, 24 June 1947. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  46. ^ London Gazette: no. 36335, page 2876, 25 May 1951. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.
  47. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 39236, page 359, 14 January 1944. Retrieved on 17 December 2007.

[edit] Bibliography

  • Johnson, J.E. Courage in the Skies. London: Random House, 1992. ISBN 0-7529-0415-9.
  • Johnson, J.E. Full Circle: The Story of Air Fighting. London: Cassell Military Classics, 2001 (original edition 1964). ISBN 0-304-35860-6.
  • Johnson, J.E. Wing Leader (Fighter Pilots). London: Goodall Publications Ltd. 2000 (original edition 1956). ISBN 0-907579-87-6.
  • Johnson, J.E. and Lucas, P.B. Glorious Summer: The Story of the Battle of Britain. London: Stanley Paul, 1990. ISBN 0-09-174439-3.
  • Johnson, J.E. and Lucas, P.B. Winged Victory: A Last Look Back - The Personal Reflections of Two Royal Air Force Leaders. London: Hutchinson, 1995. ISBN 0-09-178697-5
  • Price, Alfred. Late Marque Spitfire Aces 1942 - 1945. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-575-6.
  • Sarkar, Dilip. Johnnie Johnson- Spitfire Top Gun. London: Ramrod Publications, 2002. ISBN 0-9550431-6-6.
  • Shores, Christopher and Williams, Clive. Aces High. London: Grub Street, 1994. ISBN 1-898697-00-0.

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