John Salusbury
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Sir John Salusbury, 4th Baronet of Lleweni (1 September 1707 - May 2, 1762) was a Welsh nobleman, explorer and co-founder of Halifax, Nova Scotia. He is credited as being one of the founders of modern Canada along with several other members of his expedition, including the Earl of Halifax and Edward Cornwallis. His diaries regarding the campaign to establish a colony in Nova Scotia on behalf of the British Government became a vital source of information regarding the hardships, difficulties and opposition from the average Englishman regarding the development of the colony. He was a direct descendant of Katheryn of Berain.
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[edit] Early life
John Salusbury was born to John Salusbury, 3rd Baronet of Lleweni and his wife, Lady Lucy Salusbury, the youngest daughter of the Earl of Powis. He was a member of the Salusbury Family, a family of powerful oligarchs in Wales which at the time controlled most of Denbighshire along with their cousins, the Cotton Baronets. Salusbury's early years were relatively uneventful; he received his primary education in Denbigh and later went to Rugby School and Westminster School as his parents fortune ebbed and flowed. As a young man, he received his collegiate training in Mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge, as did his younger brother, Thomas, although the latter eventually graduated in Law. The education of the two eldest sons (a third, Henry, was most likely retarded), combined with bad financial planning by his father, virtually decimated the family fortune and by the time of his father's death in 1730, John found that the majority of his lands were mortgaged to the Crown.
After his father's inheritance, Salusbury bought a small house in London's Soho Square and, finding himself unable to pay off the rest of his debts worked as a fortune hunter, and according to court gossip, as a gigolo. Unable to receive a position at court due to his father's reputation for intrigues, John travelled abroad as a companion to his cousin, Sir John Hynde Cotton, 3rd Baronet. During that time, Cotton paid for the majority of John's expenses during the journey which served as a Grand Tour for both men. The two year journey with Cotton ended in France, where Salusbury had received a position with the French court at Versailles and again served as a companion, this time to the young wife of the elderly Duc de Noailles with whom he probably had a romantic liaison.
Having exhausted his time at Versailles, in part due to the anti-English sentiment then in France, Salusbury returned to England where he found his family's estates, Lleweni Hall and Bach y Graig mortgaged to the hilt by his brother who had taken out large loans to sustain his gambling debts in London.
In order to save the estates from foreclosure they turned to their cousin, who had then been then unaware of the family's financial troubles. Cotton was forced to pay a large indemnity to what were probably Jewish bankers, signified by Salusbury's daughter's early writings which indicated a significant amount of anti-semitic prose (she would later in life change her views and become literate in Hebrew). By 1738, the debts created by his brother would make the maintenance of his estates untenable and Cotton used his influence to appoint Salusbury to both relieve Salusbury's extensive debt and appoint him to several influential positions in the shire. In exchange, Salusbury married Cotton's sister, Hester, in 1739.
[edit] Married Life
With his debts resolved and his estates finally deriving an income for the young family, John moved to Bodvel Hall, a small estate of the family's in Caernarvonshire. He focused much of his time on balancing his books, making allowances for his mother, for whom he spared no expense, and his brother, who insisted on living a rather lavish life in London at his brother's expense. He would finally see his wife give birth to his only child, Hester Piozzi, in 1741.
When his mother at last died in 1745, Salusbury found his financial predicament again in trouble as Lucy had accumulated significant debts in and around Denbigh. Lynch Cotton, however, wsa able to rescue the family from poverty by naming Hester as benefactor during this period, allowing for the family to move back to London. In 1747 they did so in a smaller house in Abermarle Street having previously rented their home in Soho Square to Thomas. For approximately one year, Salusbury functioned as a courtier, having finally been allowed to re-enter London society. However, when Cotton died the next year in 1748, Salusbury found to his dismay that the will had been lost, probably destroyed by the inheritor, Sir Lynch Cotton, his distantly removed cousin. Without any options, John rapidly became violent according to Hester's writings and drifted into what was probably clinical depression by today's standards.
[edit] Nova Scotia
In 1749 Salusbury left for Nova Scotia with a strong dislike for the colony which he thought beneath his station. John, who had no idea of how to manage his income, began to deplete it rapidly despite his ownership of a large farm of 130 acres in the area that is now Herring Cove. During his tenure in Canada, he spent much of his time as a magistrate for the colony, finding life difficult and complaining that the income from the crops that he grew in the region to be virtually worthless as they had to be shipped to London to be sold in accordance with the policy of Mercantalism.
Dispassionate about Nova Scotia, Salusbury was a virtual outsider in his own circle. Although a member of the colonial council which governed the colony under the auspices of the Viceroy of Nova Scotia, Salusbury was passive in his own advancement, preferring to demure his limited accomplishments. Although extremely affable, John was prone to extreme jealousy which made him resent the few people above his station and ironically destroyed his prospects of advancement. He therefore started a diary in which he described the colony in a unique perspective: Salusbury was an outsider, considered by many of his peers who were socially below his station but above him in rank as a pest and therefore someone to be ignored, yet privy to the inner workings of the colony, much of which required his approval as the head of the justice system in the region.
He returned to England briefly in 1751 in order to manage personal business, but in 1752 he reported to the Earl of Halifax that the colony had been even worse off than before - now political factions vied for power and his general negativity, political neutrality and unabashed dislike for the un-cosmopolitan colony disqualified him for the governorship which ultimately went to one of his few rivals, Peregrin Hopson. In 1753 he returned to London, having made no profit with the exception of the sale of his farm for a small sum, and was "gloriously out of humour" when he found that Thomas had further mismanaged the Welsh estates which were again mortgaged. During this time, the family resumed their residence at Soho Square, living upon a small annuity which they derived from the Crown and from their lands in Wales.
[edit] Later life
During Salusbury's remaining years the financial position of he and his brother switched, and by 1759 he had begun to receive large payments from Thomas, who was by then a high-ranking Judge for the High Court of Admiralty. Thomas had married exceptionally well, and when his wife died the following year, it was John who was placed in charge of the significant inheritance which Thomas had received. This enabled John to live well, and over the years he would entertain several Canadian personalities who he met from his expedition in Nova Scotia such as Charles Lawrence, Jonathan Belcher, and Edward Cornwallis. He would also begin to cultivate a small salon in Soho Square where he encouraged education and began a family tradition of patronage the arts starting with William Hogarth, who Hester recorded as virtually living with the family until his death (she would later herself become the patron of Samuel Johnson, the creator of the modern dictionary).
In 1761, Salusbury died of an apoplectic stroke after learning that his daughter was to marry Henry Thrale, a wealthy brewer whose father had the misfortune of being born in a dog kennel on one of John's estates, and that his brother Thomas was to marry a poor widow who had a child from her first marriage which would therefore disqualify John from the inheritance which he believed he rightfully deserved.
[edit] Modern Reputation
John's legacy is perhaps best encapsulated in his journals, which thoroughly describe the daily life and problems encountered by both the colonists and the British government in the settlement of Nova Scotia. While many of his comments were undoubtedly personal, they were also trite, offering a solution to many of the problems created by the colonial-era government of Nova Scotia.
While Salusbury may have found Nova Scotia to be dull, his reputation as a qualified and competent civil servant was cemented in the eyes of the colonists. As the St. Paul's Church register shows, parents named their children after Salusbury - and he even acted as godparent to several of them in many circumstances. Although kindly and charming on the outside, John's journals showed him to be a sensitive individual who took offense to the slightest criticisms and often sulked at his lack of promotion.
[edit] References
- Rompkey, Ronald, ed. Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax, Nova Scotia (1749-1753). London: Associated University Press, 1980.
- Maritime Treaties - a list with Treaties pertaining to the settlement of Nova Scotia, many of which John composed or signed
