John Le Marchant (British Army cavalry officer)

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John Gaspard Le Marchant
1766 – 1812
Place of birth	Amiens, France
Place of death	Salamanca, Leon, Spain
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1783 to 1812
Rank	British Army Major General
Battles/wars	French Revolutionary Wars • Flanders Campaign • Napoleonic Wars • Villagarcia • Salamanca Campaign

Major-General John Gaspard Le Marchant (9 February 1766–22 July 1812), was one of the finest British cavalry generals of his generation; he was also an intellectual soldier who had a great influence on the efficient functioning of the army he served in. He was instrumental in the founding of the earliest British military academy and staff college; and saw active service in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Peninsular War.

[edit] Background and early life

Le Marchant was the son of an officer of dragoons, John Le Marchant, a member of an old Guernsey family, his mother, Marie, was the daughter of Count Hirzel de St. Gratien and a descendant of the celebrated French Protestant leader Admiral Gaspard de Coligny from whom Le Marchant derived his middle name.^[1] Le Marchant ws born at his maternal grandfather's house in Amiens.^[2] After leaving Dr Morgan's school in Bath characterised as one of the two 'greatest dunces that had ever been there' (the other being Sir Sidney Smith), Le Marchant reformed his character and was commissioned in a regiment of the Wiltshire Militia.^[3]He later, in 1783, transferred to the regular army and obtained a ensigncy in the 1st Regiment of Foot (The Royal Regiment or Royal Scots). A few years of duty in Ireland and Gibraltar followed and he then made his move into the cavalry, being commissioned into the 6th Dragoons (Iniskillings). In the autumn of 1789 Le Marchant was promoted to lieutenant in the 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays), and in 1791 he was promoted to captain and command of a troop.^[4]

[edit] Campaign experience and swordsmanship manual

Le Marchant served as a brigade major during the disastrous Low Countries campaign of 1793-95, and for a time had command of his regiment as the most senior officer present.^[5] His practical experience in the field brought to Le Marchant's attention the many deficiencies of equipment and training the British cavalry suffered from. He was impressed by the Austrian cavalry who were operating alongside the British, and was particularly struck by the disparaging remark of an Austrian officer who thought that the British swordsmanship was "entertaining" but reminded him of a "farmer chopping wood."

British light dragoons at the time of the Low Countries Campaign (Before Le Marchant's reforms)

On his return to Britain he exerted himself to improve the equipment and combat training of the British cavalry. In 1795-6 he designed, in collaboration with the Birmingham sword cutler Henry Osborn, a new cavalry sabre, which was adopted for the light cavalry. In 1796 his treatise of instruction in mounted swordsmanship was adopted by the army as part of its official regulations (The Rules and Regulations of the Sword Exercise of the Cavalry). The sword exercise became quite celebrated, the elderly king, George III, became familiar with it, and country lanes abounded with small boys practising the cuts with sticks. Le Marchant toured Britain teaching cadres, drawn from both regular and yeomanry cavalry units, his system of swordsmanship; his methods were practical and painstaking and he was himself a superb mounted swordsman. Le Marchant was also to have gone to Ireland to teach his sword exercise there but was prevented from doing so, his brother-in-law, Lt. Carey, undertook this duty in his stead.

Le Marchant attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1797. His promotion was at the direct behest of the king (Le Marchant lacked the family influence and wealth which was normally necessary for advances in rank), with whom Le Marchant had developed a friendly relationship.^[6] After his promotion he served as second-in-command of the 7th Light Dragoons which Henry, Lord Paget commanded. Paget, as the Earl of Uxbridge, was later to command the Anglo-allied cavalry at the Battle of Waterloo. Though a good relationship existed between himself and Paget, Le Marchant found it difficult to keep company with the immensely wealthy and fashionable peer. He therefore transferred to his old regiment the 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays), becoming the regimental commander.^[7]

[edit] Founder of the first British military college

With the exception of the specialist instruction school for artillery officers at Woolwich no institution for the education of military officers existed in Britain. In 1801, after overcoming considerable opposition on the grounds of cost, Le Marchant's scheme for establishing at High Wycombe and Great Marlow schools for the military instruction of officers was sanctioned by Parliament, and a grant of £30,000 was voted for the Royal Military College, the two original departments being afterwards combined and removed to Sandhurst. The military schools had two functions; first was in the instruction of serving officers in the functions of the efficient staff-officer, and second was the schooling of youngsters before they gained an officer's commission. Le Marchant was the first lieutenant-governor, and during the nine years that he held this appointment he trained many officers who served with distinction under Wellington in the Peninsula War. It is notable that a number of quite senior officers, such as General Robert Ballard Long, attended courses at the college in order to improve their military knowledge. This college was one of the forerunners of the current Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. In 1804 Le Marchant received the personal thanks of King George who said "The country is greatly indebted to you."^[8]

[edit] Peninsular War cavalry general

Battle of Salamanca. In the right foreground British heavy dragoons of Le Marchant's brigade are depicted charging

Having been promoted to major-general Le Marchant was given the command of a brigade of heavy cavalry in 1811, and greatly distinguished himself in several actions. In the cavalry clash at Villagarcia, 11th April 1812, Le Marchant led the 5th Dragoon Guards in a perfectly timed flank charge, in echelon of squadrons, which defeated two strong columns of French cavalry under General Charles Lallemand. The French had been attacking British light cavalry under Sir Stapleton Cotton, who were being forced to give ground.^[9]

He gained his greatest success as a cavalry commander at the Battle of Salamanca on 22 July 1812, where he was killed. During the development of the Anglo-Portuguese attack on the over-extended French left wing Wellington is reported as saying to Le Marchant that he must take the first favourable opportunity to engage the enemy's infantry, "You must then charge at all hazards" was his final instruction. Following up the attack of the 5th Infantry Division Le Marchant led the 3rd and 4th Dragoons and the 5th Dragoon Guards in what was probably the most destructive charge made by a single brigade of cavalry in the whole Napoleonic period. The left wing of the French army were on the point of being defeated by the 3rd and 5th divisions of Anglo-Portuguese infantry when Le Marchant's dragoons charged in and destroyed battalion after battalion. Many of the French infantrymen sought the protection of the British infantry to escape the sabres of the dragoons. Le Marchant, knowing he had achieved a magnificent success, was leading a squadron against the last of the formed French infantry when he was shot and his spine broken.^[10]

Wellington's despatch after the battle stated: "the cavalry under Lieutenant-General Sir Stapleton Cotton, made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemy's infantry, which they overthrew and cut to pieces. In this charge Major-General Le Marchant was killed at the head of his brigade, and I have to lament the loss of a most able officer."^[11]

[edit] Legacy

Le Marchant was responsible for a considerable improvement in the practical abilities of the British army on campaign. His sword exercise undoubtedly augmented the combat capabilities of the British cavalry. The military college produced many able staff officers who went on to serve in important staff positions in the latter part of the Peninsular War and in the Waterloo Campaign. He also introduced the idea that officers should be actively trained in their duties rather than having to pick up the rudiments of their profession on active service.

Le Marchant was liked and admired by many in his profession, soldier and officer alike. The Duke of York, the commander-in-chief of the British Army, is said to have wept when he was told of Le Marchant's death.^[12]

He wrote several treatises on cavalry tactics and other military subjects, but few of them were published. He married, on the 29th October 1789, Mary daughter of John Carey of Guernsey.^[13] All accounts suggest that Le Marchant was a devoted husband and father. Mary Le Marchant pre-deceased her husband, dying in childbirth in 1811. Le Marchant had four sons and six daughters. Two of his sons, Sir Denis Le Marchant, 1st Baronet and John Le Marchant, gained public distinction. His eldest son, Carey, was killed on active service during the latter part of the Peninsular War. The children were left orphans at the death of their father and a yearly public pension of £1200 was awarded to them. The younger children were placed in the care of an aunt.

John Le Marchant was buried on the field of battle, however, a monument to him was erected in St Paul's Cathedral, London.^[14]

[edit] See also

• Le Marchant Baronets

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] References

• Cole, J.W., Memoirs of British Generals Distinguished During the Peninsular War, Vol II, London (1856)
• Fletcher, I., Galloping at Everything: The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808-15, Spellmount, Staplehurst (1999). ISBN 1862270163.
• Le Marchant, D., Memoirs of the Late Major General Le Marchant, London (1841).
• Le Marchant, J.G., (published anonymously, though the monogram 'JGLM' appears on the final page of some copies) Rules and Regulations of the Sword Exercise of the Cavalry, Adjutant Generals Office, 1st December 1796.
• John Sweetman, ‘Le Marchant, John Gaspard (1766–1812)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 9 May 2008. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16423
• Thoumine, R.H., Scientific Soldier, A Life of General Le Marchant, 1766-1812, Oxford U. Press (1968).
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.