John Clarkson (abolitionist)

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Lieutenant John Clarkson, RN (1764-1828) was the younger brother of Thomas Clarkson, one of the central figures in the abolition of slavery in England and the British Empire at the close of the 18th century. As agent for the Sierra Leone Company, Lieutenant Clarkson was instrumental in the founding of Freetown, today Sierra Leone’s capital city, as a haven for chiefly former American slaves first relocated to Nova Scotia by the British military authorities.following the American Revolutionary War

After losing his father as a young child, Clarkson entered the Royal Navy at age 12 and was commissioned as a lieutenant in 1783. He served primarily in the Caribbean and observed at first hand the brutality and inhumanity of the slave trade. Initially unmoved by what he had witnessed he later, likely influenced by his brother Thomas’ passionate views concerning the immorality of slavery, came to abhor the institution and rendered practical assistance to the cause of abolition.

His brother Thomas and William Wilberforce, among other members of the [[Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade|Committee for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade,had incorporated the Sierra Leone Company with a view to resettling certain free and formerly enslaved blacks on the west coast of Africa. Lieutenant Clarkson’s charge was to secure among black communities of Nova Scotia, Canada, volunteers to settle in the area of the mouth of the Sierra Leone River.

The blacks in Nova Scotia were chiefly former American slaves relocated there after the Revolutionary War. They had escaped to the British and fought with them to secure their own freedom. The British promised resettlement, land and provisions for the first year. Despite promises from the military, the settlements were underfunded, and authorities tended to favor white Loyalists, especially those from the South who had brought slaves with them to Nova Scotia, complicating the social situation. They competed with the freedmen for land and power.

After arriving in Nova Scotia from England in October 1791, Clarkson gathered a group of close to 1200 African-American settlers who wanted to leave for better opportunities in Sierra Leone. Some wanted to return home, having been kidnapped and enslaved from Africa as children. They departed in fifteen ships for Africa late in the year, meeting terrible conditions at sea. After a harrowing transatlantic passage in winter, the flotilla of 15 ships arrived in Freetown harbor in March of 1792. Clarkson remained at the settlement until returning to England at the end of December of 1792. He served as Governor from August 1792 until his departure.

The records of the settlers confirm Clarkson as a conscientious, supportive, reasonable and fair administrator. From his work with the settlers in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, he grew to have great respect for them and struggled to ensure the company representatives did not take advantage of them. His advocacy for the settlers upon his return to England and recrimination of the Company’s actions, or lack thereof, resulted in his final dismissal by the Company. Clarkson had submitted objections to the Company's actions which were inconsistent with the representations and assurances he had made to the settlers. Clarkson never returned to Freetown but he received settlers who traveled to England to fight for their rights in the colony. They succeeded in carving out a political community and rights for themselves even with governors who were much less flexible than Clarkson.

Clarkson died on April 2, 1828 in Woodbridge, Suffolk. The unassuming Clarkson’s last words in reaction to a report of the unrelenting abuse of slaves in the West Indies were reported to be, "It is dreadful to think, after my brother and his friends have been working for forty years that such things should still be."

[edit] References

Schama, Simon. (2006). Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution New York: Ecco, 2006. ISBN 006053916X

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