Joe Arpaio

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Joseph M. Arpaio (born June 14, 1932 in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States) is a law enforcement officer and the sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. Arpaio has been called "America's Toughest Sheriff" for his controversial approach to operating the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office, mainly in regard to his treatment of inmates. Although he has a large number of vocal supporters for his toughness on crime and criminals, his practices have been harshly criticized by organizations such as Amnesty International.[1]

Contents

[edit] Before 1992

 This section does not cite any references or sources. (December 2007)
Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Joe Arpaio was the child of immigrants from Naples, Italy. His mother died during childbirth and his father had little interest in raising young Joe. As a result, Arpaio spent his childhood being shuffled back and forth between different families, depending on who was able to care for him.

Arpaio enlisted in the United States Army and served from 1950 to 1953.

Following his discharge from the Army, he moved to Washington, D.C. and then to Las Vegas, Nevada, serving on the police force of both cities over a five-year period.

He married Ava Arpaio in 1956. The couple currently have two children and four grandchildren.

After his stints with the local police forces of Washington, D.C. and Las Vegas, Arpaio obtained a job as a Special Agent with the Drug Enforcement Administration. He worked for the DEA for 32 years, earning the nickname "Nickel bag Joe" for his frequent small-time arrests. During that time, he was stationed in both Turkey and Mexico, and advanced to the position of head of the DEA's Arizona branch. He served in this position for four years before retiring.

[edit] "America's Toughest Sheriff"

Arpaio successfully campaigned for the office of Maricopa County Sheriff in 1992. Since then, he has successfully won re-election in 1996, 2000, and 2004 with considerable support of the county voters. An April 2001 article in Harper's magazine by Barry Graham referred to him as "a loving husband, proud father, idealist, megalomaniac, liar, and bully. His nose is purple, his neck is red, and he has the charm of Archie Bunker."

During his tenure as Maricopa County Sheriff, Arpaio has instituted or strengthened several of the following community programs:[citation needed]

  • bicycle registration
  • block watches
  • child identification and fingerprinting
  • Operation Identification (for marking valuables)
  • Operation Notification (which identifies business owners during times of emergency)
  • Project Lifeline (which provides free cellular phones to domestic violence victims)
  • S.T.A.R.S. (Sheriffs Teaching Abuse Resistance to Students)
  • an annual summer camp for kids near Payson.

One of the most successful programs maintained by Arpaio is the all-volunteer Posse program. Though Maricopa County operated the Posse for 50 years prior to Arpaio's election, Arpaio greatly expanded the program through heavy recruiting. The volunteers perform many duties for the sheriff's office:

  • search and rescue
  • emergency communications
  • prisoner transport
  • traffic control
  • backup for sworn deputies
  • office administrative duties
  • Holiday Mall Patrol (which provides motorist assistance and security for shoppers during the holiday shopping season)
  • deadbeat parent details targeting men and women with outstanding arrest warrants for failure to pay child support.

Arpaio has also included on the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office website an online deck of cards featuring pictures of deadbeat parents, amounts owed and last known whereabouts. Later, he published mugshots of all inmates booked into the county jail, which are available for viewing on the county website for three days after an inmate's arrest.

He attends some of the Phoenix police community activities personally, going as far as making free autograph show appearances several times a year. In 2001, he oversaw security at the former Bank One Ballpark (now Chase Field) for the World Series that pitted the Arizona Diamondbacks (the eventual champions) against the New York Yankees.[citation needed]

In the fall of 2006, Arpaio could be seen in political advertisements for Proposition 204, which in effect limits animal cruelty in farming.

[edit] Changes to jail operations

Arpaio believes that inmates should be treated as harshly as legally possible to emphasize the punishment aspect of their incarceration. Thus, upon his initial election, Arpaio began instituting the controversial changes for which he would later become noted.

Arpaio began to serve inmates surplus food (mainly outdated and oxidized green bologna)[2] and limited meals to twice daily. Meal costs would be reduced to 90 cents per day; as of 2007 Arpaio states that he has managed to reduce costs to 30 cents per day. Certain food items were banned from the county jail, mainly coffee (which also reduced "coffee attacks" on guards), but later salt and pepper were removed from the jail (at a purported taxpayer savings of $20,000/year).

Arpaio banned smoking in the county jail. He also removed pornographic magazines (the ban was later upheld in court) and weightlifting equipment. Entertainment was limited to G-rated movies; the cable TV system (mandated by court order) was severely blocked by Arpaio to limit viewing to those stations Arpaio deems to be "educational", mainly Animal Planet, Disney Channel, The Weather Channel, A&E, CNN, and the local government access channel.

Arpaio also instituted a program for inmates to study while in jail and to try to recover from drug abuse. Hard Knocks High lays claim as the only approved high school program in any American jail.[citation needed] Another jail program, called ALPHA, is aimed solely at getting inmates away from drug abuse.

In October 2005, Arpaio started mandatory two-week English classes for non-English-speaking inmates at his jails. Classes last two hours a day. The curriculum comprises the three branches of government, how a bill becomes law, state government, law enforcement and court services, and jailhouse "situational" terminology. At the end of the two-week course, inmates are required to take a test to see how well they have learned about American government, the words to God Bless America, and the communication of health and safety needs. In response to critics, Arpaio responded, "These inmates happen to be incarcerated in the United States of America and in Maricopa County where I run the jails. We speak English here, not foreign languages."

In February 2007, Arpaio instituted an in-house radio station, KJOE, which broadcasts classical music, opera, Frank Sinatra hits, obscenity-free patriotic music, and educational programming, from the basement of the county jail. The station airs four hours each day, five days a week. In March 2007, the Maricopa County Jail hosted "Inmate Idol"[3], a takeoff on the popular TV show.

[edit] Chain gangs

Shortly after taking office, Arpaio reinstituted chain gangs, the controversial form of inmate labor which had been virtually eliminated in the United States.

Arpaio believes that chain gangs are not a form of punishment, but of rehabilitation. Inmates who are low-risk but with a history of jail incidents can apply to serve as free labor. Inmates work eight-hours a day, six days a week (Sundays off), mainly outside. The inmates wear traditional black-and-white striped uniforms (see below for more details) with a cap to protect against the desert heat. Inmates perform such tasks as creating fire breaks, removing trash, and burying deceased indigent persons in the county cemetery.

Arpaio also expanded the chain gang concept by instituting a female chain gang.[4] Female inmates work seven hours a day (7 AM to 2 PM), six days a week. Arpaio has also instituted the world's first all-juvenile chain gang.[5]

[edit] Pink underwear

One of Arpaio's most noted changes was the introduction of pink underwear. Arpaio noted that the traditional white underwear, labeled with Maricopa County Sheriff's Office, was being smuggled out of the jails and sold on the streets. Arpaio thus had the underwear dyed pink, believing that pink is not considered a "macho" color, and would not be stolen. Once the public learned of the change, requests came in for orders, and Arpaio began selling customized pink boxers (with the Maricopa County Sheriff's logo and "Go Joe") as a fund-raiser for sheriff's operations.

Arpaio subsequently introduced pink handcuffs among sheriff's deputies, who were taking the traditional silver-colored ones[6]. Later, when Arpaio learned that the color pink has a known psychological calming effect, he began dyeing sheets, socks, towels, and all other fabric items in pink.

The outer uniform is not pink, but traditional black-and-white. This was part of another Arpaio-instituted change. One day, allegedly, Arpaio thought he saw an inmate escapee in the then-existing sea-green inmate uniform outside the jail (it turned out to be a hospital worker in scrubs). Later, he noted that the orange uniforms of the chain gangs were similar to uniforms used by county workers (the orange being needed for safety). Believing that inmates should be easily identifiable should they escape, Arpaio re-instituted the traditional black-and-white inmate uniforms, which even with the advent of everything else being pink has not changed.

[edit] Tent City

The most noted, and controversial, of Arpaio's ideas was the set-up of "Tent City" as an extension of the Maricopa County Jail (33°25′40″N 112°07′26″W / 33.42778, -112.12389 (Maricopa County Jail)).

When Arpaio took office, inmates were routinely being released early due to overcrowding. Arpaio believed that "courts, not head count" should determine when an inmate is released, and that no officer should be deterred from making an arrest for fear that the inmate would be released due to jail overcrowding.

However, a new jail would have cost Maricopa County taxpayers around US$70 million. So instead, Arpaio obtained used tents from the military, and established Tent City in a parking lot adjacent to one of the jail facilities. As an announcement to future inmates that they should not expect early release upon overcrowding, but more tents instead, Arpaio added a (pink neon) "Vacancy" sign to the outside of Tent City. The original sign was destroyed in an inmate riot, but was quickly replaced. A second Tent City was opened in 1996 adjacent to another jail facility, and houses female inmates.

During the summer of 2003, when outside temperatures exceeded 110 °F (43 °C), which is higher than average, Arpaio said to complaining inmates, "It's 120 degrees in Iraq and the soldiers are living in tents and they didn't commit any crimes, so shut your mouths."[7] Inmates were given permission to wear only their pink underwear.

Tent City has been criticized by groups contending these are violations of human and constitutional rights[who?], and simultaneously praised by those favoring Arpaio's "get tough on crime" approach[who?].

In response to requests, the Sheriff's office offers group tours of its unique and controversial Tent City. In addition, Arpaio has instituted "S.M.A.R.T." Tents (Shocking Mainstream Adolescents into Resisting Temptation), a voluntary program for middle-school students who are bussed to an area adjacent to Tent City and, for the next 24 hours, are shown the reality of jail life.

[edit] Underwear march

In 2005, inmates were walked from neighboring jails to the newly opened Lower Buckeye Jail, wearing only their boxers and sandals so that they could not hide contraband during transport. This occurrence was reported widely in the media and has been referred to as the underwear march.[8]

"It's a security issue," Arpaio said. "If you let them wear their clothes, they can conceal the fake keys and everything else.[9]

Because of the media spectacle resulting from the underwear march, it would also be regarded as a perp walk.

[edit] Controversy and criticism

Some feel that Sheriff Arpaio's actions are based less on a desire to serve the public and to lower crime, but more on demagoguery and grandstanding that hurt the public welfare. Amnesty International issued a report critical of the treatment of inmates in Maricopa County facilities[10]. Criticism has resulted due to lawsuits filed against the sheriff’s office by family members of inmates who died in jail custody and in high-speed pursuits involving deputies. The lawsuits have cost Maricopa County more than $30 million in settlement claims.[11] By mid-year 2007, more than $50 million in claims had been filed against the sheriffs office and Maricopa County.

Furthermore, in a 1998 Arpaio commissioned study, Arizona State University Criminal Justice professor Marie L. Griffin found that Arpaio's policies did nothing to reduce recidivism in the Maricopa County facilities compared to his predecessor: "there was no significant difference in recidivism observed between those offenders released in 1989-1990 and those released in 1994-1995."[12]

[edit] Charles Agster

Charles Agster, a mentally handicapped man who was killed in the County Jail shortly after being arrested on misdemeanor loitering charges. The subsequent lawsuit resulted in a $9 million dollar verdict against the office.[13]

[edit] The Scott Norberg case

One major controversy includes the 1996 death of inmate Scott Norberg, a former Brigham Young University football wide receiver, who died while in custody of the Sheriff's office.[14] Norberg was arrested for assaulting a police officer Mesa, Arizona, after neighbors in a residential area had reported a delirious man walking in their neighborhood.[15] Arpaio's office repeatedly claimed Norberg was also high on methamphetamine, but a blood toxicology performed post-mortem was inconclusive. Norberg did, however, have methamphetamine in his urine, proving that he had used the drug at some point fairly recently before his death. During his internment, evidence suggests detention officers shocked Norberg several times with a stun-gun. According to an investigation by Amnesty International, Norberg was already handcuffed and face down when officers dragged him from his cell and placed him in a restraint chair with a towel covering his face. After Norberg's corpse was discovered, detention officers accused Norberg of attacking them as they were trying to restrain him. The cause of his death, according to the Maricopa County medical examiner, was due to "positional asphyxia". Sheriff Arpaio investigated and subsequently cleared detention officers of any criminal wrongdoing.[16]

Norberg’s parents filed a lawsuit against Joe Arpaio and his office. The lawsuit was settled for $8.25 million (USD) following a highly contentious legal battle. Despite vowing to never settle, the case quickly closed after it was disclosed the Sheriff's office had destroyed key evidence in the case.[17]

[edit] The Brian Crenshaw case

Brian Crenshaw was a blind inmate allegedly beaten into a coma by guards working under Arpaio. Crenshaw suffered injuries that included a perforated intestine and a broken neck. He later died at a local hospital. When asked about the incident, Arpaio insisted, "The man fell off a bunk."[18] Crenshaw's family filed a lawsuit against Arpaio and his office, which resulted in an award of $2 million dollars.[19] As in the Scott Norberg case, it was alleged that Arpaio's office destroyed evidence in the case. In the Crenshaw case, the attorney who represented the case before a jury alleged digital video evidence was destroyed.[20]

[edit] The Richard Post case

Richard Post was a paraplegic inmate arrested in 1996 for possession of marijuana and criminal trespass. Post was placed in a restraint chair by guards and his neck was broken in the process. The event, caught on video, shows guards smiling and laughing while Post is being injured. Because of his injuries, Post has lost much of the use of his arms.[21] Post settled his claims against the Sheriff's office for $800,000.[22]

[edit] Jeremy Flanders

In 1996, Jeremy Flanders was attacked by inmates at Tent City who used rebar tent stakes, which were not cemented into the ground. Although these stakes had been used as weapons in a previous riot at the facility, the Sheriff's office chose not to secure them properly. During the trial, the defendant "presented evidence that, among other things, the Sheriff and his deputies had actual knowledge that prisoners used rebar tent stakes and tent poles as weapons and did nothing to prevent it." Furthermore, "the Sheriff admitted knowing about, and in fact intentionally designing, some conditions at Tent City that created a substantial risk of inmate violence." After the attack: "another inmate entered the tent and found Flanders unconscious, gasping for air, and spewing blood out of his mouth, nose and ears. Flanders had been bloodied and beaten so badly that the other inmate initially did not recognize Flanders." Flanders suffered permanent brain damage as a result of the attack. On appeal, Flanders was awarded $635,532, of which Arpaio was personally responsible for thirty-five percent.[23]

[edit] The Fountain Hills prank calls case

During April 2004, Arpaio became involved in more controversy when he accused the West Bridgewater, Massachusetts Police Department of being unprofessional over their handling of surveillance tapes from an AT&T store that showed a suspect making prank calls to several restaurants. The calls instructed restaurant managers to strip-search female customers, including minors. Several managers were arrested as a result. Arpaio believed that the suspect in the tapes from West Bridgewater might be connected to a similar case in Fountain Hills, Arizona. In response to Arpaio's comments, West Bridgewater Police Lt. Raymund S. Rogers was quoted as saying "I think he's mad that our detectives just happen to be better than his detectives".[citation needed]

[edit] Webcam broadcasts of pretrial detainees

Starting in July 2000, the Maricopa County Sheriff's website hosted images broadcast from cameras installed in the Madison Street Jail, which housed only pretrial detainees. After the Sheriff's website was unable to handle the traffic, alternative hosting arrangements were made with the commercial Crime.com website. 24 former detainees brought suit against the Sheriff's office, arguing their fourteenth amendment rights had been violated. The appellate court ruled in favor of the former detainees, stating in their judgement of Demery v. Arpaio: "We fail to see how turning pretrial detainees into the unwilling objects of the latest reality show serves any... legitimate goals... Inmates are not like animals in a zoo to be filmed and photographed at will..."[24]

[edit] James Saville

James Saville was arrested in 1999 for allegedly attempting to murder Joe Arpaio. A jury decided that officers from the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office had entrapped Saville and found him not guilty.[25]

[edit] Patrick Colleary

Patrick Colleary was a Catholic Priest accused of molesting an altar boy in Scottsdale, Arizona in 1978. Facing two counts of felony sexual conduct with a minor, he fled to his native Ireland and fought extradition. An Irish High Court judge, Philip O'Sullivan, refused to extradite Colleary back to Arizona, writing in his decision that Arpaio "gloated over the inhumane treatment he dishes out to his inmates" and "appeared to take a chillingly sadistic pleasure in his role as incarcerator. It was the duty of any Irish court to see that no citizen was handed over to such a regime." [26] An Icelandic court in 1997 had come to the same conclusion on a different case.[27]

[edit] Raid on Phoenix residence

In 2004, the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office SWAT team led a raid on an Ahwatukee home in a gated subdivision, looking for illegal weapons. No illegal weapons were found, but during the raid, the house burned down, killing a dog, and an armored vehicle rolled into a neighbor's parked car. [28]

[edit] Illegal immigrants

In 2005, Arizona passed a law making it a felony, punishable by up to 2 years in jail, to smuggle someone across the border. Maricopa County Attorney Andrew P. Thomas has issued a legal opinion that those being smuggled can be considered co-conspirators to the smuggling and can be charged under the same law. Under this opinion, Arpaio has instructed his deputies and members of his civilian posse to round up and arrest suspected illegal aliens. Arpaio said to Fox News, "My message is clear: If you come here and I catch you, you're going straight to jail. [...] I'm not going to turn these people over to federal authorities so they can have a free ride back to Mexico. I'll give them a free ride to my jail."[29] To date, Arpaio has arrested at least 263 people under this program.[30] The New York Times had an editorial denouncing his techniques.[31]

The county attorney's legal opinion is being challenged in court. Many critics, including two of the co-authors of the Arizona anti-smuggling law, claim that Thomas and Arpaio are misusing the statute, which was meant only for human smugglers and not for illegal immigrants who are being smuggled.[32]

[edit] Prostitution sting

Sheriff Arpaio has been criticized for allowing his deputies and posse members to engage in sex acts during an undercover prostitution "sting". In November, 2003, Sheriff's deputies arrested over 70 people for prostitution and solicitation. The officers arrested alleged prostitutes and their customers in more than thirty homes and ten massage parlors in the Phoenix area. Records indicated that several of the officers disrobed, fondled the breasts and genitals of the alleged prostitutes, and allowed their penises to be touched during the operation. The Maricopa County Attorney's Office stated that the Sheriff's office had gone too far in allowing this behavior, and sixty of the cases were thrown out. Several of the male customers in the case were prosecuted, however.[33]

[edit] Media raids

In October 2007, Arpaio's deputies arrested Village Voice Media executives and Phoenix New Times editors Michael Lacey and Jim Larkin on charges of revealing grand jury secrets. In July of 2004, the New Times had published Arpaio's home address in the context of a story about his real estate dealings, which the county attorney's office is investigating as a possible crime under Arizona state law. A special prosecutor served Village Voice Media with a subpoena ordering it to produce "all documents" related to the original real estate article, as well as "all Internet web site traffic information" to a number of articles that mentioned Arpaio. The prosecutor further ordered Village Voice Media to produce the IP addresses of all visitors to the Phoenix New Times website since January 1, 2004, as well as what websites those readers had been to prior to visiting. As an act of "civil disobedience,"[34] Lacey and Larkin published the contents of the subpoena on or around October 18, which resulted in their arrests the same day.[35] On the following day, the county attorney dropped the case after declining to pursue charges against the two.[36] The Attorney General's office has since been ordered to appear before Judge Ana Baca due to missing documentation - including the original grand jury subpoenas - in the case file for the investigation of the New Times publication.[37]

On November 28, 2007, Judge Baca ruled that the subpoenas in this case were not validly issued. The special prosecutor filed the grand jury subpoenas without the consent of the grand jury. Baca's justification was a statute that had been clarified by case law and by subsequent legislation to bar such subpoena authority, unless certain reporting requirements are met. The prosecutor had not met those reporting requirements.[38] In April, 2008, the New Times editors filed suit against Arpaio, County Attorney Andrew Thomas and Special Prosecutor Dennis Wilenchik, alleging negligence, conspiracy and racketeering, and State and U.S. constitutional violations of free speech rights, false imprisonment, retaliation by law enforcement and abuse of process.[39]

[edit] Recall petition

An effort begun in November 2007 to recall Joe Arpaio and Maricopa County Prosecutor Andrew P. Thomas from office ultimately failed. The recall effort cited "Disobeying and violating the United States Constitution and abuse of power" as grounds. If successful, the recall would have been part of the November 2008 ballot; however, on February 28, 2008, the Arizona Republic announced that the recall petition had failed.[40][41][42]

[edit] One-term promise

In 1992, Arpaio signed a notarized document, stating he would only serve one term as sheriff. He is now in his fourth term.[43]

[edit] Books

  • Joe Arpaio and Len Sherman, America's Toughest Sheriff: How We Can Win the War Against Crime, (1996). Summit Publishing Group, ISBN 1-56530-202-8

[edit] References

  1. ^ Ill-treatment of inmates in Maricopa County jails, Arizona, Amnesty International, 1 August 1997, <http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engAMR510511997?open&of=eng-2am> 
  2. ^ Cart, Julie. "Sheriff draws ire for new 'jail cam,' special inmate diet", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 2000-09-10. Retrieved on 2007-07-31. 
  3. ^ Villa, Judi. "Inmates cut loose in 'Idol' knockoff; Jail contest aims to build self-esteem", The Arizona Republic, 2007-03-24. Retrieved on 2007-09-19. 
  4. ^ Reuters (October 29, 2003), Sheriff runs female chain gang, CNN, <http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Southwest/10/29/chain.gang.reut/>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  5. ^ Spain Reeling From Worst Ever Terrorist Attack, CNN, March 11, 2004, <http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0403/11/lt.01.html>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007  (CNN Live Today transcript)
  6. ^ Christina Leonard (January 13, 2005), Bright pink handcuffs latest addition to sheriff's arsenal, 12 News, <http://www.azcentral.com/12news/news/articles/0113B1-talker13-CP.html>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  7. ^ Ananda Shorey (July 25, 2003), Phoenix is sizzling through what could be the hottest July on record, signonsandiego.com, <http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/20030725-2230-phoenixheat.html>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  8. ^ ARTICLE: March in underwear calls attention to new jails - Prison Talk
  9. ^ Judi Villa (April 15, 2005), County moving inmate 'army' into 2 new jails, Arizona Republic, <http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/0415jailmove15.html> 
  10. ^ Ill-treatment of inmates in Maricopa County jails, Arizona, Amnesty International, 1 August 1997, <http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engAMR510511997?open&of=eng-2am> 
  11. ^ Special Report: Health and death behind bars, East Valley Tribune, 3 May 2008, <http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/story/115427> 
  12. ^ Griffin, Mary. The Use of Force by Detention Officers, 42. 
  13. ^ Gary Grado (25 May 2006), Jury awards $9M in jail death, East Valley Tribune, <http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/story/61786> 
  14. ^ Family of ex-BYU. football player to get $8.25 million, Associated Press, <http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F364E9124BE074E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM> 
  15. ^ Murder on Madison: The Norberg Remix, Phoenix New Times, April 15, 1999, <http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1999-04-15/news/murder-on-madison-the-norberg-remix/2>. Retrieved on 9 May 2008 
  16. ^ Flashes, Phoenix New Times News, March 20, 1997, <http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/Issues/1997-03-20/news/news.html>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  17. ^ The $8 Million Victim, Phoenix New Times News, January 14, 1999, <http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1999-01-14/news/the-8-million-victim/>. Retrieved on 10 May 2008 
  18. ^ Curtis Rigss (June 1-7, 2005), Catastrophic fire season expected in Desert Foothills this summer; Residents should take precautions, Sonoran News, <http://www.sonorannews.com/archives/2005/2005-06/050601/Community.html>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  19. ^ JJ Hensley and Yvonne Wingett (April 25, 2008), Abuse lawsuits against Arpaio settled, Arizona Daily Star, <http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2008/04/25/20080425manning-letter0425.html>. Retrieved on 9 May 2008 
  20. ^ Melissa Gonzalo (April 14, 2008), <http://www.azcentral.com/12news/news/articles/2008/04/14/20080414mcsoallegations04142008-CR.html>. Retrieved on 11 May 2005 
  21. ^ Tony Ortega (January 23, 1997), Jailers Show a Paraplegic Who's Boss, Phoenix new timesnews, <http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1997-01-23/news/jailers-show-a-paraplegic-who-s-boss/1>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  22. ^ Barry Graham (April 1, 2001), Star of Justice, Harper's Magazine, <http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72732952.html> 
  23. ^ The Honorable Jeffrey S. Cates, Judge (September 26, 2002), Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County, Cause No. CV 97-008668, <http://www.cofad1.state.az.us/opinionfiles/cv/cv010239.pdf> 
  24. ^ Jailhouse Webcams: Courts aren't seeing their way clear, USA Today, 9 August 2004, <http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/ericjsinrod/2004-09-01-sinrod_x.htm> 
  25. ^ John Dougherty (August 5, 1999), The Plot To Assassinate Arpaio; It was a diabolical scheme. Problem is, most of it was hatched by the Sheriff's Office, Phoenix new times News, <http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/issues/1999-08-05/news/feature_print.html>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  26. ^ John Turner Gilliland (July 29, 2005), Ireland Refuses to Extradite Alleged Pedophile to Arizona, Cybercast News Service, <http://www.cnsnews.com/news/viewstory.asp?Page=%5CNation%5Carchive%5C200507%5CNAT20050729c.html>. Retrieved on 24 October 2007 
  27. ^ Iceland 5, Arpaio 0, page 1 - News - Phoenix New Times - Phoenix New Times
  28. ^ John Dougherty (August 5, 2004), Dog Day Afternoon, Phoenix new times News, <http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2004-08-05/news/dog-day-afternoon/full>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  29. ^ http://www.washtimes.com/national/20060510-115750-3996r.htm[dead link – history]
  30. ^ The Arizona Republic (August 21, 2006), Smuggling conspiracy cases a bust for Arizona so far, The Tucson Citizen, <http://www.tucsoncitizen.com/ss/border/23369.php>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  31. ^ Pulling Back the Immigration Posses - New York Times
  32. ^ Randal C. Archibald (May 10, 2006), Arizona County Uses New Law to Look for Illegal Immigrants, The New York times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/us/10smuggle.html?ex=1304913600&en=d28539b33576bf6b&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  33. ^ Kim Smith (June 15, 2004), Sex sting went way too far, East Valley Tribune, <http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/?sty=23162>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  34. ^ Michael Lacey and Jim Larkin (October 18, 2007), Breathtaking Abuse of the Constitution, Phoenix New Times, <http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2007-10-18/news/breathtaking-abuse-of-the-constitution/1>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  35. ^ Sheriff's deputies arrest New Times owners.
  36. ^ Associated Press (October 20, 2007), No Charges for Execs Arrested in 'Phoenix Times' Case, Editor & Publisher, <http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003661135>. Retrieved on 20 October 2007 
  37. ^ Hon. Anna M. Baca (November 16, 2007), Ruling in the Matter of: Grand Jury, Judicial Branch of Arizon, Maricopa County, <http://www.superiorcourt.maricopa.gov/MediaRelationsAndCommunityOutreach/CourtCases/Rulings/rulingsReaditem.asp?autonumb=282>. Retrieved on 6 December 2007 
  38. ^ Hon. Anna M. Baca (November 28, 2007), Ruling in the Matter of: CR MISC 2007, Judicial Branch of Arizon, Maricopa County, <http://www.superiorcourt.maricopa.gov/MediaRelationsAndCommunityOutreach/CourtCases/Rulings/rulingsReaditem.asp?autonumb=282>. Retrieved on 6 December 2007 
  39. ^ Michael Kiefer (April 30, 2008), 'New Times' executives sue Arpaio, Arizona Republic, <http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/0430manninglawsuit0430.html>. Retrieved on 10 May 2008 
  40. ^ Yvonne Wingett (November 16, 2007), Recall petitions target Arpaio, Thomas, Arizona Republic, <http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/1116recall1116.html>. Retrieved on 16 November 2007 
  41. ^ Yvonne Wingett (November 6, 2007), Sheriff is more than $1 mil over OT budget, Arizona Republic, <http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/1106sheriff1106.html>. Retrieved on 16 November 2007 . (Citation for grounds of recall).
  42. ^ Michael Kiefer (February 28, 2008), Move to recall Arpaio, Thomas ends, Arizona Republic, <http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/0228recall0228.html>. Retrieved on 5 June 2008 ..
  43. ^ Dennis Wagner (November 3, 2007), Triumphs, troubles in 15 years as sheriff, Arizona Republic, <http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/1103arpaio1104.html>. Retrieved on 9 May 2008 

[edit] External links