Jews and Judaism in Omaha, Nebraska

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The Jewish community in Omaha, Nebraska has made significant cultural, economic and social contributions to the city.[1] The first Jewish settlers came to the city shortly after it was founded in 1856. The most numerous Jewish immigrants were from eastern Europe and Russia. They arrived in waves of immigration to the US in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Immigrants were active in working class and socialist politics, especially during the 1920s and 1930s. Others established themselves as merchants and businessmen in the city. The Jewish community supported philanthropy and created important cultural and charitable institutions.

Born to socialist parents in Omaha, renowned Jewish feminist author Tillie Olsen worked when she was young in the meatpacking plants and helped organize unions.[2] The Jewish youth organization Aleph Zadik Aleph was established by immigrants in Omaha.[3]

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Pre-1900

In 1856, the first Jewish settlers, mostly merchants and businessmen, arrived in Omaha. From the beginning, leaders of Orthodox Judaism and Reform Judaism worked to create strong congregations.[4] In January 1871, Temple Israel was founded as the first Jewish congregation in Nebraska. Immediately afterwards, the congregation formed a burial society and established the Pleasant Hill Cemetery in order to provide ritual services to the city's Jewish community. The first confirmation service was held in 1872, and the congregation was incorporated with the city of Omaha in 1873.

In 1884 the congregation dedicated the first synagogue in Omaha at 23rd and Harney Streets.[5] Later in the century Eastern European Jews immigrated to the city.[6] In 1886, an Edict of Expulsion was enforced against the Jews of Kiev, which led many to migrate from the Ukraine to the United States. Omaha became home to hundreds, as they settled in the older neighborhoods of the city.[7]

By 1890 the federal census recorded 1,035 Jews in Omaha.[8] In 1892, Temple Israel invited the newly ordained Rabbi Leo M. Franklin, a recent graduate of Hebrew Union College, to become their rabbi.[9] Franklin immediately set about spurring changes aimed at strengthening Reform Judaism in the congregation, such as the adoption of the Union Prayer Book and the ritual recently endorsed by the Central Conference of American Rabbis.[10] The changes were enthusiastically adopted by the congregation. Franklin also pushed to increase the Building Fund, slated for the construction of a new and larger Temple for the Congregation. As time passed, Franklin gained a reputation as an eloquent and idealistic preacher. He won prominent admirers among Omaha's Christian community, such as William Jennings Bryan.[11]

Franklin was active in work outside the Omaha congregation. He established a Reform congregation, B'nai Yeshurun, in Lincoln, Nebraska; helped found the first normal school in Nebraska for the training of religious teachers; served as the editor of the Omaha Humane Society's publication, and lectured in other cities (most notably Sioux City, Iowa).[12] In 1896, the congregation elected Franklin to another five-year term as rabbi. Franklin's prominence led to an invitation to speak in Detroit, Michigan in 1898. He was immediately offered the rabbinate at that city's Temple Beth El.[13] After some soul-searching, Franklin accepted Beth El's offer, leaving Omaha in January, 1899. After his departure, Franklin remained in contact with his former Omaha congregation, and participated closely with planning and building of Temple Israel's new Temple, completed in 1908.[14]

[edit] 1900-2000

In the early 20th century, Anshe Sholom was a Hungarian congregation located in the Near North Side neighborhood, along with B'nai Jacob, a Conservative congregation.[15] As generations of congregants passed on or moved out of the neighborhood, both congregations closed. Their cemeteries are next to that of Temple Israel in Pleasant Hill.[16]

The J. L. Brandeis and Sons Store Building was opened by Brandeis, a notable member of Omaha's Jewish community, in 1906. Wise Memorial Hospital, named in honor of Rabbi Joseph M. Wise, was located at 406 South 24th Street on a lot donated by Brandeis's wife. Built in 1912 for $125,000, between 1912 and 1917 the hospital treated more than 1,000 patients. In 1930 the institution closed.[17][18]

In 1929 a Conservative congregation began holding services at the Jewish Community Center on 20th and Dodge Streets. A 1930 U.S. census showed 2,084 Jewish Russians in Omaha, many of whom were first-generation immigrants who had fled religious persecution.[19] In 1935 the group named itself the Beth El Congregation. During Hanukkah in 1941, they dedicated a new synagogue facing 49th avenue at Farnum street.

After fifty years of almost continuous growth, Beth El dedicated a new synagogue in 1991 at 14506 California Street in West Omaha, a more suburban location of newer houses, where most of their congregants had migrated over the years.[20] Beth El bought land for its cemetery in 1927.[21]

Beth Hamedrosh Hagadol Cemetery is in Sarpy County, next to Hrabik Cemetery and the Bnai Abraham Cemetery. Today all three are referred to as the Fisher Farm Cemetery. They were originally established in 1883 by a now-defunct congregation called Bennea Israel.[22]

Jewish businessmen created much of the commercial development in the Near North Side, especially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before WWI, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood was redlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after WWII, many descendants of other ethnicities moved from the area to other parts of the city and suburbs to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years.

Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in the late 1960s after their businesses were targeted and destroyed in urban riots. Most Jewish residents had already gradually moved to West Omaha and other neighborhoods.[23]

[edit] Notable Jewish Omahans

Aaron Cahn was a prominent Jewish member in the Omaha community who served in the first Nebraska State Legislature. His family were among the first Jewish settlers in Omaha.[24]

In the early 1900s, Edward Rosewater, a Bohemian Jew from Hungary, founded the Omaha Bee and served as its editor. His strong stands sometimes stirred controversy. Notable Rabbi Leo M. Franklin served Temple Israel from 1892-1898. Arthur J. Lelyveld, leader of the Hillel organization and president of the Zionist Organization of America, was a rabbi in Omaha for several years.

Born in North Omaha, Tillie Olsen was a worker and labor organizer in the 1930s in the meatpacking industry. She was much influenced by her parents' Jewish socialist community in North Omaha, and became an activist as well. Later Olsen began to publish her writings (after her move to California). She became an influential feminist author and served as writer-in-residence at several universities. [25]

By the mid-20th century, Jewish people achieved formal elective office in Omaha. Edward Zorinsky was elected mayor of Omaha and served from 1973-1976. After that he was elected United States Senator from 1976 to 1987.

Henry Monsky was a B'nai B'rith leader from Omaha.[26] Aleph Zadik Aleph, the men's Order of B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, began in Omaha in 1923 as a college fraternity. [27]

[edit] Synagogues

Synagogues in Omaha[28]
Name Affiliation Address Link
B'nai Israel Synagogue (Unaffiliated) Unaffiliated 618 Mynster Street, Council Bluffs
Beth El Synagogue Conservative 14506 California Street link
Beth Israel Synagogue Orthodox 12604 Pacific Street link
Temple Israel Synagogue Reform 7023 Cass Street link
Chabad House Chabad-Lubavitch 1866 South 120th Street link
Beyt Shalom Reconstructionist 3012 South 119th Street
Herbert Goldsten Chapel, Rose Blumkin Jewish Home 323 South 132nd Street
Capehart Chapel Offutt Air Force Base

[edit] Cemeteries

Jewish cemeteries in Omaha[29]
Name Address Established Notes
Beth El Synagogue Cemetery 4700 South 84th Street
Fisher Farm Cemetery 8600 South 42 Street, Bellevue 1901
Golden Hill Cemetery 5025 North 42nd Street 1888
Mount Sinai Cemetery 7800 Crown Point Avenue
Oak Hills Cemetery Council Bluffs
Pleasant Hill Cemetery 6412 North 42 Street 1871

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ (1992) A Street of Dreams. Nebraska ETV Network (video)
  2. ^ Olsen, T. (1995) Tell Me a Riddle. Rutgers University Press. p 117.
  3. ^ "History and Development of Aleph Zadik Aleph" B'nai B'rith Youth Organization. Retrieved 9/15/07.
  4. ^ Larson and Cottrell. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p 115.
  5. ^ "History", Temple Israel. Retrieved 9/15/07.
  6. ^ Schreiber, M. (2003) The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia. Schreiber Publishing. p 192.
  7. ^ Larson and Cottrell. (1997) p 161.
  8. ^ Larson and Cottrell. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p 115.
  9. ^ Edgar, Irvin I. (1976) "Rabbi Leo M. Franklin: The Omaha Years (1892-1899)," Michigan Jewish History, Jewish Historical Society of Michigan, July 1976, pp. 10 - 21 (p. 11).
  10. ^ Edgar (1976) p. 11.
  11. ^ Baldwin, Neil. (2001) Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate , Public Affairs, ISBN 1891620525, p. 125.
  12. ^ Edgar (1976) p. 14.
  13. ^ Edgar (1976) p. 14.
  14. ^ Edgar (1976) p. 15.
  15. ^ (1992) A Street of Dreams. Nebraska ETV Network (video)
  16. ^ "Nebraska - The Jewish Community", International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project. Retrieved 9/6/07.
  17. ^ National Conference of Jewish Social Service. (1955) The Jewish Social Service Quarterly. p. 20.
  18. ^ "Wise Memorial Hospital", Nebraska Memories website. Retrieved 1/18/08.
  19. ^ Larson and Cottrell. (1997) p 158.
  20. ^ "History of Beth El". Beth El. Retrieved 9/15/07.
  21. ^ "Nebraska - The Jewish Community", International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project. Retrieved 9/6/07.
  22. ^ "Nebraska - The Jewish Community", International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project. Retrieved 9/6/07.
  23. ^ (1992) A Street of Dreams. Nebraska ETV Network (video)
  24. ^ "Nebraska and the Midwest." Retrieved 9/15/07.
  25. ^ ABC-Clio Information Services. (1983) The Jewish Experience in America. p 201.
  26. ^ Schreiber, M. (2003) The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia. Schreiber Publishing. p 192.
  27. ^ "History and Development of Aleph Zadik Aleph" B'nai B'rith Youth Organization. Retrieved 9/15/07.
  28. ^ Community directory. Jewish Federation of Omaha. Retrieved 9/15/07.
  29. ^ Community directory. Jewish Federation of Omaha. Retrieved 9/15/07.

[edit] External links

[edit] Bibliography

  • Pollak, O.B. (2001) Jewish Life in Omaha and Lincoln: A Photographic History. Arcadia Publishing.
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