Jeton
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Jetons were a token or coin-like medal produced across Europe from the 13th through the 17th centuries. They were produced as counters for use in calculation on a lined board similar to an abacus. They also found use as a money substitute in games, similar to modern casino chips or poker chips. Thousands of different jetons exist, mostly of religious and educational designs, as well as portraits, these most resembling coinage.
The Romans had similarly used pebbles, in Latin "calculi" - little stones. Addition is straight forward, and relatively efficient algorithms for multiplication and division were known.
As Arabic numerals and the zero came into use, "pen reckoning" gradually displaced "counter casting" as the common accounting method. Jetons for calculation were commonly used in Europe from about 1200 to 1400, and remained in occasional into the early nineteenth century. In Italy pen reckoning became common earlier, and was mandatory for bookkeeping use by 1300.
Neurenberg, Germany, was in the late Middle Ages an important center of production of jetons for commercial use. Later - "counter casting" being obsolete - the production shifted to jetons
for use in games and toys, sometimes copying more or less famous jetons with a political background as the following. In "the Nederlanden", the Low Countries, the respective mints in the late Middle Ages in general produced the counters for the official bookkeeping. These mostly show the effigie of the ruler within a flattering text and on the reverse the rulers escutcheon and the name or city of the accounting office. During the Dutch Revolt this pattern changed and by both parties, the North in front, about 2.000 different, mostly political, jetons (Dutch: Rekenpenning) were minted depicting the victories, ideals and aims.
Specifically in the last quarter of the 16th century, where "Geuzen" or "beggars" made important military contributions to the Dutch side and bookkeeping was already done without counters the production in the North was just for propaganda.
In the 21st century, Jetons continue to be used in some countries to denominate the substitutes for coins in coin-operated public telephones or vending machines, because automatic valuation of coins by machines is unreliable or impossible due to several factors. They are usually made of metal or hard plastic.
In France and other countries, jeton is also a small (as a token, so to speak) amount of money paid to members of a society or a legislative chamber each time they are present in a meeting.
Jeton is also an Albanian name given to males. In the Albanian language it means "to live".
[edit] References
- Pullan, J. M. (1968). The History of the Abacus. London: Books That Matter. ISBN 0-09-089410-3.
- Menninger, Karl W. (1969). Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13040-8.
- Bert, van Beek (1986). Jetons: Their Use and History. Perspectives in Numismatics.. Chicago Coin Club. Retrieved on 2006-06-29.
