Jello Biafra

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Jello Biafra
Background information
Birth name	Eric Reed Boucher
Also known as	Occupant, Count Ringworm, Osama McDonald, J Lo
Born	June 17, 1958 (1958-06-17) (age 49) Boulder, Colorado
Origin	San Francisco, California
Genre(s)	Hardcore punk, anarcho-punk, spoken word, industrial metal, heavy metal
Instrument(s)	Vocals
Years active	1978–present
Label(s)	Alternative Tentacles
Associated acts	Dead Kennedys, Lard, Revolting Cocks, 1000 Homo DJs, No WTO Combo, Jello Biafra & The Melvins, Sepultura, Napalm Death, Body Count, Métal Urbain, No Means No, DOA, Tumor Circus
Website	AlternativeTentacles.com Alternative Tentacles myspace

Eric Reed Boucher (born June 17, 1958) is more widely known by the stage name Jello Biafra. He first gained attention as the lead singer and songwriter for San Francisco punk rock band Dead Kennedys. After his time with the band concluded, he became more directly involved with political activism and took over the influential independent record label Alternative Tentacles, founded in 1979 by him and East Bay Ray. Although now primarily focused on spoken word art, he has continued as a musician in numerous collaborations.

Politically, he is a member of the Green Party^[1] and actively supports leftist political causes. Biafra ran for the party's Presidential nomination in 2000, finishing second to Ralph Nader.^[2] He is a self-proclaimed anarchist^[1] who advocates civil disobedience, direct action, culture jamming and pranksterism in the name of political change. Biafra is known to use absurdist media tactics in the tradition of the Yippies to highlight issues of civil rights, social justice, economic populism, anti-corporatism, peace movements, anti-consumerism, environmentalism, anti-globalization, universal health care, LGBT rights, anti-capitalism, reproductive rights, feminism, and the separation of church and state.

His stage name is a combination of the brand name Jell-O and the name of the short lived country of Biafra which attempted to secede from Nigeria in 1966. After four years of fighting and horrific starvation in Biafra, Nigeria regained control of the nascent Biafran state. Jello Biafra created his name as an ironic combination of a nutritionally poor mass-produced food product and mass starvation.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Musical career 2.1 The Dead Kennedys 2.1.1 Obscenity prosecution 2.1.2 Lawsuit against Jello 2.2 Other bands 2.3 Alternative Tentacles 3 Spoken word 4 Politics 4.1 Mayoral campaign 4.2 Presidential campaign 5 Personal life 6 Samples 7 Partial discography 8 Filmography 9 References and footnotes 10 External links

[edit] Early life

Eric Boucher was born in Boulder, Colorado, U.S. to parents Stanley Boucher, a psychiatric social worker and poet, and Virginia Boucher, a librarian. He also had a sister Julie J. Boucher, the Associate Director of the Library Research Service at the Colorado State Library who died in a mountain-climbing accident on October 12, 1996. ^[3] As a child, Boucher developed an interest in international politics that was encouraged by his parents. He was an avid watcher of news and one of his earliest memories is of the John F. Kennedy assassination.^[4] Biafra says he has been a fan of rock music since first hearing it in 1965, when his parents accidentally tuned in to a rock radio station. During the 1970s, he became involved in activism in reaction to several events of the era including the Vietnam War, the Chicago 7 trial, and the Kent State shootings.^[5]

He began his career in music in January of 1977 as a roadie for the punk rock band The Ravers (who would later change their name to The Nails). In the autumn of that year, he began attending the University of California, Santa Cruz. He studied acting and the history of Paraguay before leaving to become involved in San Francisco, California's punk scene.

[edit] Musical career

[edit] The Dead Kennedys

In June of 1978 he responded to an ad put out by guitarist East Bay Ray and together they formed the Dead Kennedys. He began performing with the band under the stage name Occupant, but shortly after began using his current name. Biafra wrote the band's lyrics, most of which were political in nature and displayed a sardonic, sometimes absurdist, sense of humor despite their serious subject matter. In the tradition of UK peace punk bands like Crass, Dead Kennedys was one of the first US punk bands to write politically themed songs. The lyrics Biafra wrote helped popularize the use of humorous lyrics in hardcore. Biafra cites Joey Ramone as the inspiration for his use of humor in his songs (as well as being the musician who made him interested in punk rock), noting in particular songs by The Ramones such as "Beat On the Brat" and "Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue".^[6]

Biafra initially attempted to compose music on guitar, but his inexperience on the instrument and his own admission of being "a fumbler with my hands" led Dead Kennedys bassist Klaus Flouride to suggest that Biafra simply sing the parts he was envisioning to the band.^[7] Biafra would later sing his riffs and melodies into a tape recorder, which he brought to the band's rehearsal and/or recording sessions. This would later become an issue when the other Dead Kennedys sued Biafra over royalties and publishing rights. By all accounts, including his own, Biafra is not a conventionally skilled musician,^[7] though he and his collaborators (Joey Shithead of D.O.A. in particular) attest that he is a skilled composer^[8] and his work, particularly with Dead Kennedys, is highly respected by punk-oriented critics and fans.

Biafra's first popular song was the first single by Dead Kennedys, "California Über Alles". The song, which spoofed California governor Jerry Brown, was the first of many political songs by the group and Biafra. The song's popularity resulted in it being covered by other musicians, such as The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy (who rewrote the lyrics to parody Pete Wilson) and John Linnell of They Might Be Giants. Not long afterward, Dead Kennedys made a second and bigger hit with "Holiday in Cambodia" from their debut album Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables. All Music Guide cites this song as "possibly the most successful single of the American hardcore scene"^[9] and Biafra counts it as his personal favorite Dead Kennedys song.^[10] ("Holiday in Cambodia" is now included in the video game Guitar Hero III.) Minor hits from the album included "Kill the Poor" (about potential abuse of the then-new neutron bomb) and a satirical cover of Elvis Presley's "Viva Las Vegas".

Dead Kennedys received some controversy in the spring of 1981 over the single "Too Drunk to Fuck". The song became a big hit in Britain, and the BBC feared that it would manage to be a big enough hit to appear among the top 30 songs on the national charts, requiring a mention on Top of the Pops. However, the single's popularity was slightly less than what was required, peaking at the 31st position.^[5]

Later albums would also contain memorable songs, but with less popularity than the earlier ones. The EP In God We Trust, Inc. contained the song "Nazi Punks Fuck Off!" as well as "We've Got A Bigger Problem Now", a rewritten version of "California Über Alles" about Ronald Reagan. Punk scholar Vic Bondi considers the latter song to be the song that "defined the lyrical agenda of much of hardcore music, and represented its break with punk".^[11] The band's most controversial album, Frankenchrist, brought with it the song "MTV Get Off the Air", which accused MTV of promoting poor quality music and sedating the public. The album also contained a controversial poster by artist H. R. Giger entitled Penis Landscape.

The Dead Kennedys toured widely during their career, starting in the late 1970s. They began playing mostly at southern Californian clubs (most notably the Whisky a Go Go), but eventually they moved on to major clubs across the country, including CBGB in New York. Later, they played to larger audiences such as at the 1980 Bay Area Music Awards (where they played the notorious "Pull My Strings" for the first and only time), and headlined the 1983 Rock Against Reagan festival.^[12]

Biafra has been a prominent figure of the Californian punk scene and was one of the founding members of the San Francisco hardcore punk community. Many later hardcore bands would cite the Dead Kennedys as a major influence.^[13] Hardcore punk author Steven Blush describes Biafra as hardcore's "biggest star" who was a "powerful presence whose political insurgence and rabid fandom made him the father figure of a burgeoning subculture (and a) inspirational force (who) could also be a real prick... Biafra was a visionary, incendiary [performer]."^[14]

After the Dead Kennedys disbanded, Biafra's new songs were recorded with other bands, releasing only spoken word albums as solo projects. These collaborations had less popularity than Biafra's earlier work. However, his song "That's Progress", originally recorded with D.O.A. for the album Last Scream Of The Missing Neighbors, received considerable exposure when it appeared on the album Rock Against Bush, Vol. 1.

[edit] Obscenity prosecution

In April of 1986, police officers raided his house in response to complaints by the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC).^[15] In June of 1986, then- L.A. deputy city attorney Michael Guarino, working under then-City Attorney James Hahn, brought Biafra to trial in Los Angeles for distributing "harmful matter" in the Dead Kennedys album Frankenchrist.^[16][17] In actuality, the dispute was about neither the music nor the lyrics from the album, but rather the print of the poster Landscape #XX (also known as Penis Landscape), by Swiss surreal artist H. R. Giger included with the album. Biafra believes the trial was politically motivated; it was often reported that the PMRC took Biafra to court as a cost effective way of sending a message out to other musicians who have "offensive" content in their music.^[18]

Music author Rebee Garofalo argued that Biafra and Alternative Tentacles may have been targeted because the label was a "small, self-managed and self-supported company that could ill afford a protracted legal battle."^[19] Facing the possible sentence of a year in jail and a $2000 fine, Biafra founded the No More Censorship Defense Fund, a benefit made up of several punk rock bands, to help pay for his legal fees, which neither he nor his record label could afford. The jury deadlocked 5 to 7 in favor of acquittal, prompting a mistrial; despite a district attorney motion to re-try the case, the judge ordered all charges dropped. The Dead Kennedys disbanded during the trial, in December 1986, due to the mounting legal costs; in the wake of their disbandment, Biafra made a career of his spoken word performances. His early spoken word albums focused heavily on the trial (especially in High Priest of Harmful Matter), which made him renowned for his anti-censorship stance.

Jello had a cameo role as an FBI agent, arresting the main characters played by Tim Robbins and John Cusack, in the 1988 film Tapeheads. His character says, whilst arresting them, "Remember what we did to Jello Biafra?"; lampooning his 1986 obscenity prosecution.

In 2005 Biafra appeared on Episode 285 of This American Life, themed "Know Your Enemy", which featured a phone call between Jello Biafra and Michael Guarino, the prosecutor in the Frankenchrist trial. The episode was about Guarino's change of opinion and the reconciliation between Guarino and Biafra.

[edit] Lawsuit against Jello

In October of 1998, former members of the Dead Kennedys sued Biafra for not paying them royalties due to them. According to Biafra, the suit resulted from his refusal to allow one of the band's most well known singles, "Holiday in Cambodia", to be used in a commercial for Levi's Dockers; Biafra opposes Levi's because he believes that they use unfair business practices and sweatshop labor.^[20] The three former members claimed that their motive had nothing to do with advertising, and that they had filed suit because Biafra had denied them royalties and failed to promote their albums. Biafra maintained that he had never denied them royalties, and that he himself had not even received royalties for rereleases of their albums or "posthumous" live albums which had been licensed to other labels by the Decay Music partnership.^[21] Decay Music denied this charge and have posted what they say are his cashed royalty checks.^[22] Biafra also complained about the songwriting credits in new reissues and archival live albums of songs that Biafra claims he composed himself to the entire band. In May 2000, a jury found Biafra liable for fraud and malice and ordered him to pay $200,000, including $20,000 in punitive damages, to the band members.^[23] After an appeal by Biafra’s lawyers, in June 2003, the California Court of Appeals unanimously upheld all the conditions of the 2000 verdict against Biafra and Alternative Tentacles.^[24]

The other band members reunited without Biafra under the name of "DK Kennedys" (later returning to the original band name), replacing Biafra first with Brandon Cruz, then with Jeff Penalty. Dead Kennedys fans have criticized the new band, owing to Biafra's absence. Biafra himself has also openly criticized his former bandmates' legal tactics and reunion tours, most notably in the song "Those Dumb Punk Kids (Will Buy Anything)", in which he performed with The Melvins.

[edit] Other bands

In 1988, Biafra and Alain Jourgensen of the band Ministry formed the band Lard. The band became a side project for the members of Ministry, with Biafra providing vocals and lyrics. While working on the film Terminal City Ricochet in 1989, Biafra did a song for the film's soundtrack with D.O.A.. As a result, Biafra worked together with D.O.A. on the album Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors. Biafra also worked with Nomeansno on the soundtrack, which lead to their collaboration on the album The Sky is Falling and I Want My Mommy the following year.

In 1999, Biafra and other members of the anti-globalization movement protested the WTO Meeting of 1999 in Seattle. Along with other famous musicians from the west coast, he formed the short-lived band the No WTO Combo to help promote the movement's cause. The band was originally scheduled to play during the protest, but the performance was canceled due to riots. The band performed the following night at the Showbox in downtown Seattle (outside of the curfew area) where they played a short set. The hiphop group Spearhead also played at the event. A CD containing recordings from the concert, titled Live from the Battle in Seattle, was later released.

As of late 2005, Biafra currently performs with the band The Melvins. The new band was dubbed "Jello Biafra and the Melvins", though fans often refer to them as "The Jelvins." Together they have released two albums, and have been working on material for a third collaborative release, much of which will be premiered live at two concerts at the Great American Music Hall in San Francisco, commemorating Biafra's 50th birthday. Biafra is also working with a new, as-yet-unnamed band that includes Ralph Spright of Victims Family on guitar and Billy Gould of Faith No More on bass. This group will also be debuting at the aforementioned shows.

[edit] Alternative Tentacles

In June of 1979, Biafra co-founded the record label Alternative Tentacles with which the Dead Kennedys released their first single, "California Über Alles".^[25] The label was created to allow the band to release albums without having to deal with pressure from major labels to change their music (although the major labels were not willing to sign the band due to their songs being deemed too controversial).^[26] After dealing with Cherry Red in the UK and IRS Records in the US for their first album Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables, the band released all later albums (and later pressings of Fresh Fruit) on Alternative Tentacles (with the exception of live albums released after the band's break-up, which the other band members compiled from recordings in the band partnership's vaults without Biafra's input or endorsement). Biafra has been the owner of the company ever since its founding, though he does not receive a salary for his position (Biafra refers to his position in the company as the "absentee thoughtlord").^[10]

Biafra is an ardent collector of unusual vinyl records of all kinds, from 50's and 60's ethno-pop recordings by the likes of Les Baxter and Esquivel to vanity pressings that have circulated regionally, to infamous German crooner Heino; he cites his always growing collection as one of his biggest musical influences. In 1993 he gave an interview to RE/Search Publications for their second Incredibly Strange Music book focusing primarily on these records. His heavy interest in such recordings (often categorized as outsider music) eventually led to Biafra discovering the prolific (and schizophrenic) singer/songwriter/artist Wesley Willis, whom he signed to Alternative Tentacles in 1994, preceding Willis' major label deal with American Recordings. His collection grew so large that on October 1, 2005, Biafra donated a portion of his collection to an annual yard sale co-promoted by Alternative Tentacles and held at their warehouse in Emeryville, California.^[27]

In 2006, along with Alternative Tentacles employee and The Frisk lead singer Jesse Luscious, Biafra began co-hosting The Alternative Tentacles Batcast, a downloadable podcast hosted by alternativetentacles.com. The show primarily focuses on interviews with artists and bands that are currently signed to the Alternative Tentacles label, although there are also occasional episodes where Biafra devoted the show to answering fan questions.

[edit] Spoken word

Biafra first became a spoken word artist in January 1986, starting with a performance at University of California, Los Angeles. In his performance he combined his sense of humor with his political beliefs, much in the same way that he did with the lyrics to his songs. Biafra has held this career since, but did not begin recording spoken word records until after the disbanding of the Dead Kennedys.

His ninth spoken word album, In the Grip of Official Treason, was released in October of 2006.

[edit] Politics

[edit] Mayoral campaign

In the autumn of 1979, Biafra ran for mayor of San Francisco as a prank, using the Jell-O ad campaign catchphrase, "There's always room for Jello", as his campaign slogan. Having entered the race before creating a campaign platform, Biafra later wrote his platform on a napkin while attending a Pere Ubu concert. As he campaigned, Biafra wore campaign t-shirts from his opponent Quentin Kopp's previous campaign and at one point vacuumed leaves off the front lawn of another opponent, current U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein, to mock her publicity stunt of sweeping streets in downtown San Francisco for a few hours. Supporters committed equally odd actions; two well known signs held by supporters said "If he doesn't win I'll kill myself" and "What if he does win?"

His platform included unconventional points such as forcing businessmen to wear clown suits within city limits, erecting statues of Dan White all over town and allowing the parks department to sell eggs and tomatoes with which people could pelt them, and a citywide ban on cars (although the latter point was not considered abnormal by many voters at the time, as the city was suffering from serious pollution problems).^[26] Biafra has expressed irritation that these parts of his platform attained such notoriety, preferring instead to be remembered for serious proposals such as legalizing squatting in vacant, tax-delinquent buildings and requiring police officers to keep their jobs by running for election voted on by the people of the neighborhoods they patrol.^[28]

“

For those of them who have seen my candidacy as a publicity stunt or a joke, they should keep in mind that it is no more of a joke, and no less of a joke, than anyone else they care to name.[29]

”

He finished fourth out of a field of ten, receiving 3.5% of the vote (6,591 votes); the election ended in a runoff that did not involve him (Feinstein was declared the winner). In reaction to his campaign (and that of Sister Boom-Boom, a drag queen who also ran for mayor and handily won the third place spot above Biafra), San Francisco passed a resolution stating that no candidate could run under any name other than their given name.^[30]

[edit] Presidential campaign

In 2000, the New York State Green Party drafted Biafra as a candidate for the Green Party presidential nomination, and a few supporters were elected to the party's nominating convention in Denver, Colorado. Despite the fact that his address to the convention was positively received, the party overwhelmingly chose Ralph Nader as the presidential candidate. Nader and the Green Party have grown increasingly popular among the punk rock community with artists like Patti Smith, Thought Riot, Hungry March Band, The Buzzcocks, and Partyline, among others.

Biafra, along with a camera crew (dubbed by Biafra as "The Camcorder Truth Jihad"), later reported for the Independent Media Center at the Republican and Democratic conventions. Biafra detailed these events in his album Become The Media, which has resulted in him being credited with coining the slogan "Don't hate the media, become the media". Indymedia and related alternative media often use this line, or the now more apt "Don't hate the media, be the media."

[edit] Personal life

Biafra married Therese Soder, aka Ninotchka, lead singer of San Francisco-area punk band The Situations on October 31, 1981.^[31] Flipper vocalist/bassist Bruce Loose conducted the wedding, having paid to join the Universal Life Church as a minister just to conduct the ceremony, which took place in a graveyard.^[32] The wedding reception, which members of Flipper, Black Flag, and D.O.A. attended, was held at director Joe Rees' Target Video studios.^[33] The marriage ended in 1986.

On May 7, 1994 people who believed Biafra was a sell out attacked him at the 924 Gilman Street club in Berkeley, California. Biafra claims that he was attacked by a man nicknamed Cretin, who crashed into him while slamdancing. The crash injured Biafra's leg, causing an argument between the two men. During the argument, Cretin pushed Biafra to the floor and five or six friends of Cretin assaulted Biafra while he was down, yelling "Sellout rock star, kick him".^[34] Biafra was later hospitalized with serious injuries,^[35] The attack derailed Biafra's plans for both a Canadian spoken-word tour and an accompanying album.

[edit] Samples

[edit] Partial discography

For a more complete list, see the Jello Biafra discography.

Dead Kennedys:

• Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables - 1980
• In God We Trust, Inc. - 1981
• Plastic Surgery Disasters - 1982
• Frankenchrist - 1985
• Bedtime for Democracy - 1986
• Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death - 1987

Spoken word:

• No More Cocoons - 1987
• High Priest of Harmful Matter − Tales From the Trial - 1989
• I Blow Minds for a Living - 1991
• Beyond the Valley of the Gift Police - 1994
• If Evolution Is Outlawed, Only Outlaws Will Evolve - 1998
• Become the Media - 2000
• The Big Ka-Boom, Part One - 2002
• Machine Gun in the Clown's Hand - 2002
• In the Grip of Official Treason - 2006

Collaborations:

• Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors - 1989, with D.O.A.
• The Power of Lard - 1989, with Lard
• Supernaut - 1990, with 1000 Homo DJs (credited as Count Ringworm)
• The Last Temptation of Reid - 1990, with Lard
• The Sky is Falling and I Want My Mommy - 1991, with NoMeansNo
• Tumor Circus - 1991, with Steel Pole Bath Tub
• Chaos A.D. - 1993, with Sepultura
• Prairie Home Invasion - 1994, with Mojo Nixon
• Disclaimer - 1997, with The Offspring
• Helter Skelter - 1997, with The D.O.C.
• Nation - 2001, with Sepultura. He sung on "Politricks."
• Never Breathe What You Can't See - 2004, with The Melvins (credited on the inner sleeve as Osama McDonald)
• The Code Is Red...Long Live the Code - 2005, with Napalm Death
• Sieg Howdy! - 2005, with The Melvins (credited on the inner sleeve as J Lo)
• Grand Ol' Party Crash- 2005, from Cage's "Hell's Winter" as the voice of George W. Bush
• J'Irai Chier dans ton Vomi - 2006, with Métal Urbain
• Cocked and Loaded - 2006, with Revolting Cocks (credited on the inner sleeve as Jello Biafra as well as all of his former stage names including Occupant, Smegma Pigvomit, Osama McDonald, and J Lo)

[edit] Filmography

• Massacre at Central High (1976)
• This Is America Part 2 (1977)
• Anarchism in America (1983)
• Lovedolls Superstar, directed by Dave Markey (1986)
• Tapeheads, directed by Bill Fishman (1988)
• Terminal City Ricochet (1990)
• Highway 61, directed by Bruce McDonald (1991)
• Skulhedface, directed by Melanie Mandl (1994)
• Mary Jane's Not a Virgin Anymore, directed by Sarah Jacobson (1997)
• The Widower (1999)
• Virtue (1999)
• Plaster Caster (2001)
• Bikini Bandits, directed by Steve and Peter Grasse (2002)
• Death and Texas (2004)
• Punk: Attitude (2004)
• We Jam Econo: The Story Of The Minutemen (2005)
• Punk's Not Dead, directed by Susan Dynner (2006)
• Whose War?, directed by Donald Farmer (2006)
• American Drug War: The Last White Hope, directed by Kevin Booth (2007)
• Nerdcore Rising, directed by Negin Farsad (2008)

[edit] References and footnotes

[edit] External links

• Jello Biafra at the Internet Movie Database
• Jello Biafra at Allmovie
• Biafra's label Alternative Tentacles
• Alternative Tentacles at MySpace
• Alternative Tentacle's Jello Biafra Biography with MP3s and Discography
• Audio recordings of Biafra's keynote speech at H2K
• Audio recordings of Biafra's State of the World Address at H2K2
• Audio recordings of Biafra's keynote speech at the Fifth HOPE
• Audio recordings from HOPE Number Six, featuring Jello Biafra's keynote address
• Audio interviews of Jello Biafra and Nardwuar
• Jello Biafra Scratch Magazine Interview
• Juice Magazine Jello Biafra Interview
• Democracy Now Interview with Jello Biafra
• Audio of Jello Biafra Speaking at Peace Rally in San Francisco
• Punknews.org interview with Jello Biafra
• Maximumrocknroll Interview - Jello Biafra participates in 1984 discussion
• Plazm Magazine 1996 interview with Jello Biafra
• Interview Discussed politics and the elections on the Creepy Sleepy Show podcast, December 2006
• The Onion A.V. Club interview
• Photos of Jello in the DKs

v • d • e Dead Kennedys Ron "Skip" Greer · East Bay Ray · Klaus Flouride · Dave Schuff Jello Biafra · 6025 · Brandon Cruz · Ted · Jeff Penalty · D.H. Peligro Albums and EPs Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables · In God We Trust, Inc. · Plastic Surgery Disasters · Frankenchrist · Bedtime for Democracy · Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death · Milking the Sacred Cow Live albums A Skateboard Party · Mutiny on the Bay · Live at the Deaf Club Singles "California Über Alles" · "Holiday in Cambodia" · "Kill the Poor" · "Too Drunk to Fuck" · "Nazi Punks Fuck Off!" · "Bleed for Me" · "Halloween" Related articles Hardcore punk · Manifesto Records · Alternative Tentacles · Penis Landscape

Persondata
NAME	Biafra, Jello
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Boucher, Eric Reed (birth name)
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Singer and activist
DATE OF BIRTH	June 17, 1958(1958-06-17)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Boulder, Colorado, United States
DATE OF DEATH	living
PLACE OF DEATH

v • d • e United States presidential election candidates, 2000 Democratic Party Straw polls · Primary polls · General polls · Debates · Primaries · Results · Delegates · Convention Candidates Bill Bradley (campaign) · Al Gore (campaign) · Lyndon LaRouche VP Candidate Joe Lieberman Republican Party Straw polls · Primary polls · General polls · Debates · Primaries · Results · Delegates · Convention Candidates Lamar Alexander · Gary Bauer · Pat Buchanan · George W. Bush (campaign) · Elizabeth Dole · Steve Forbes · Orrin Hatch · John Kasich · Alan Keyes · John McCain (campaign) · Dan Quayle · Robert C. Smith VP Candidate Dick Cheney Constitution Party Convention · Howard Phillips · Herb Titus  · Mathew Zupan Green Party Convention · Jello Biafra  · Stephen Gaskin · Joel Kovel · Ralph Nader (campaign) Libertarian Party Convention · Harry Browne · Don Gorman · Jacob Hornberger · Barry Hess · David Hollist Reform Party Pat Buchanan · John Hagelin · Donald Trump Natural Law Party John Hagelin Other candidates Cathy Gordon Brown · Earl F. Dodge  · Charles E. Collins · James Harris · Isabell Masters · Monica Moorehead · L. Neil Smith