Jeju dialect

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Jeju dialect (Korean:제주방언/濟州方言) is the dialect used on the island of Jeju in Korea, with the exception of Chuja in Bukjeju County. It differs greatly from the dialects of the mainland, and preserves many archaic words which are lost in them. It has borrowed some words from foreign languages, including about 240 words from Mongolian, 53 words from Chinese, 50 words from Japanese, and 22 words from Manchu.^[1] There are also many words which appear to be original formations (possibly from the language of Tamna).

Another difference is the slightly different intonation of words. The Jeju dialect tends to use more stress on certain syllables.

One large difference is the lack of formality and deference to elders. For example, while a speaker of the Seoul Dialect might say annyeonghaseyo (“Hello”) to an older person, a speaker of the Jeju dialect would say ban-gapsio (“How do you do?”). To many mainlanders, a child saying this to an adult would be appalling, but on the islands, a more ‘egalitarian’ form of speech is used.

1 Phonemes
2 Phonological change
3 Syntax
4 Vocabulary
5 External links

[edit] Phonemes

There are 9 vowels, ㅣ /i/, ㅔ /e/, ㅐ /ɛ/, ㅡ /ɨ/, ㅓ /ʌ/, ㅏ /a/, ㅜ /u/, ㅗ /o/, ㆍ /ɒ/.

[edit] Phonological change

Middle Korean /kj/ > Jeju /ʨ/ (e.g. Middle Korean /kjər/ > Jeju /ʨər/ "wave")
Middle Korean /əːj/ > Jeju /i/ (e.g. Middle Korean /kəːj/ > Jeju /ki(ŋi)/ "crab")

[edit] Syntax

[edit] Vocabulary

Examples:

English	Jeju dialect (in standard Hangul)	Jeju dialect (in the Revised romanization of Korean [RR])	Standard Korean (in standard Hangul)	Standard Korean (in RR)	Notes
“Welcome!”	ᄒᆞᆫ저옵서예	honjeo opseoye!	어서 오세요	eoseo oseyo!
“father”	아방	abang	아버지	abeoji
“mother”	어멍	eomeong	어머니	eomeoni
“grandfather; old man”	하르방	hareubang	할아버지	harabeoji
“grandmother; old woman”	할망	halmang	할머니	halmeoni
“uncle; middle-aged man”	아즈방	ajeubang	아저씨, 아주버니	ajeossi, ajubeoni
“aunt; middle-aged woman”	아즈망	ajeumang	아주머니, 아줌마	ajumeoni, ajumma
“elder brother (of a female)”	오라방	orabang	오빠, 오라비	oppa, orabi
“daughter”	ᄄᆞᆯ	ttɒl	딸	ttal
“the wife's father; a man's father-in-law”	가시아방	gasi-abang	장인	jang-in	Jeju dialect gasi- as in gasi-abang is a fossilization of the genitive form of Middle Korean gas ("wife")
“man”	ᄉᆞᆫ아이	sɒnai	남자, 사나이	namja, sanai
“woman”	지지바이	jijibai	여자, 계집애	yeoja, gyējibae
“maiden”	비바리	bibari	처녀	cheonyeo
“not likely”	가물어	gamureo	설마	seolma
“neck”	야개기	yagaegi	목	mok
“tree, shrub; wood”	낭	nang	나무	namu	Stem of the Korean word for "tree, shrub; wood" was namg- in Middle Korean; note the similarity with Classical Mongolian noγoγa(n) or noγuγa(n) and Modern Khalkha Mongolian nogaan ("green")
“zelkova tree”	굴묵낭	gulmung-nang	느티나무	neuti-namu
“grass”	태역	taeyeok	잔디	jandi
“vegetable”	송키	songki	채소	chaeso	Jeju dialect songki is similar to Manchu sogi ("vegetable")
“potato”	지실	jisil	감자	gamja
“puppy”	강생이	gangsaeng-i	강아지	gang-aji
“cat”	고냉이	gonaeng-i	고양이	goyang-i
“roe deer”	노리	nori	노루	noru
“ax”	도치	dochi	도끼	dōkki	The word for "ax" appeared variously as dosguy, dosgeuy, or dochɒy in Middle Korean
“mountain, hill, (esp.) parasitic cone”	오름	oreum	뫼, 메	moe, me	Jeju dialect oreum or orɒm is similar to Mongolian ūla ("mountain") and Manchu alin ("mountain"). Although it rather sounds closer to the literal meaning of oreum itself; oreum literally means "an elevation" or its implied meaning: "an elevated space."
“ear of grain”	고고리	gogori	이삭	isak
“there”	그디	geudi	거기	geogi	Jeju dialect uses -di instead of -(eo)gi to form locational deictic pronouns
“here”	이디	idi	여기	yeogi
“crab”	깅이	ging-i	게	gē
“bird”	생이	sæng-i	새	sǣ
“radish”	놈삐 or 무수	nomppi or musu	무우	muu	Jeju dialect musu is cognate with Standard Korean muu but derived from a different Middle Korean variant. Note similarity with Manchu mursa ("large, white, globular Chinese radish"). The etymology of Jeju dialect nomppi is obscure.
“sock”	대비	daebi	양말	yangmal	Jeju dialect daebi < Japanese tabi ("traditional Japanese socks")
“pig”	도새기	dosaegi	돼지	dwǣji
“pork”	돗괴기	dos-goegi	돼지고기	dwǣji-gogi
“chicken egg”	독새기	doksaegi	달걀 or 계란	dalgyal or gyeran
“lettuce”	부루	buru	상추	sangchu
“change (at the end of a monetary transaction)”	주리	juri	거스름돈	geoseureum-don	Jeju dialect juri < Japanese tsuri (id.)
“wave”	절	jeol	물결 or 파도	mulkkyeol or pado	Jeju dialect jeol < Middle Korean gyeol (id.); cognate with the second syllable of Standard Korean mulkkyeol
“purple eulalia”	어욱	eouk	억새	eoksae
“early”	인칙	inchik	일찍	iljjik
“powder of roast grain”	개역	gaeyeok	미숫가루	misut-garu
“buckwheat”	모물, 모몰, 모믈	momul, momol, momeul	메밀	memil
“dust”	몬독	mondok	먼지	meonji
“chick”	빙애기	bing-aegi	병아리	byeong-ari
“umbrella”	가사	gasa	우산	usan	Jeju dialect gasa is borrowed from Japanese kasa ("umbrella, parasol; wide-brimmed hat"), whereas Standard Korean usan is borrowed from Chinese 雨傘 yǔsǎn ("umbrella").
“walking stick, staff”	몽댕이	mongdaeng-i	지팡이	jipang-i	Jeju dialect mongdaeng-i is cognate with Standard Korean mongdung-i ("club, cudgel, baton, stick").