Jedwabne pogrom

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The Jedwabne pogrom (or Jedwabne massacre) (pronounced [jɛdˈvabnɛ]) was a massacre of Jewish people living in and near the town of Jedwabne in Poland that took place in July 1941 during World War II.

Although long assumed to have been a solely Nazi Einsatzgruppen (death squad) operation, it has been established by the Polish Institute of National Remembrance, that the crime was "committed directly by Poles, but inspired by the Germans." Whether and how far the occupying German forces were involved remains the subject of dispute among historians. Before the pogrom 562 Jews lived in Jedwabne, of which several dozen survived the incident, but few survived the war. The unique tragedy of this event was magnified by the fact that the Jewish victims were murdered by some of their non-Jewish co-villagers, people who had lived amongst them in this tiny hamlet.

Contents

[edit] The massacre

Following their attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, German forces quickly overran the territory of Poland that the Soviet Union had annexed as part of the 1939 Nazi-Soviet pact. The Nazis distributed propaganda in the area[1] claiming that Jews, having sided with the communist Soviet occupiers, are responsible for crimes committed by the Soviet Union in eastern Poland; and the SS organized special Einsatzgruppen ("task forces") to murder Jews in these areas. The small town of Wizna, for example, near Jedwabne in the northeast of Poland, saw several dozen Jewish men shot by the invading Germans under Hauptsturmfuehrer Schaper, as did other neighbouring towns.[2]

A number of people collaborating with the Soviets before Operation Barbarossa were killed by local people in the Jedwabne area during the first days of German occupation.

A month later, on the morning of July 10, 1941, by the order of mayor Karolak and German gendarmerie,[3] a group of non-Jewish Poles from Jedwabne and its neighborhood rounded up the local Jews as well as those seeking refuge from nearby towns and villages such as Wizna and Kolno. The Jews were taken to the square in the centre of Jedwabne, where they were ordered to pluck grass; attacked and beaten. A group of about 40 Jews were forced to demolish a statue of Lenin erected by NKWD and then carry it out of town while singing Soviet songs. The local rabbi was forced to lead this procession. The group was taken to a pre-empted barn,[4] killed and buried along with fragments of the monument, while most of the remaining Jews, estimated at around 250[4] to 400, including many women and children, were led to the same barn later that day, locked inside and burned alive using kerosene from the former Soviet supplies (or German gasoline, by different accounts) in the presence of eight German gendarmes shooting those trying to escape.[4] The remains of both groups were buried in two mass graves in the barn.[4][5] Exhumations led to the discovery not only of the charred bodies of the victims in two mass graves, but also of the bust of Lenin (previously assumed to be buried at a Jewish cemetery) as well as bullets that according to a 2000 statement by Leon Kieres, the chief of the IPN could have been fired from a 1941 Walther P38 type pistols.[4] Two weapons analysis carried out by the IPN in 2001 and 2002, the second one with assistance from the German Federal Criminal Police Office in Wiesbaden came to the conclusion that "there is no evidence to support the thesis that the Jews had been fired upon at the scene of the pogrom"[6]

[edit] Nazi propaganda during the war

Some sources say that the movie made by Germans during the massacre was shown in the cinemas in Warsaw to document the alleged spontaneous hatred of local people against Jews[7]. For the same reason Polish underground propaganda generally linked the massacre with the collaboration with the occupiers.[citation needed]

[edit] 1949–1950 trials

In 1949 and 1950 a number of local Poles were accused and put to trial in Poland. The official cause of the trial was the collaboration with Nazis in committing the crime. One person was condemned to death but commuted to imprisonment, nine were imprisoned and 12 were acquitted. The legality of the trials was never challenged following the fall of communism in Poland in 1989.

Records show, that the extreme use of physical torture during pre-trial interrogations conducted by the Security Office (UB) resulted in some individuals admitting to made-up crimes, later renounced by them before the courts. Among those who (at trial) retracted their earlier statements given during prolonged beatings by the Security service were Józef Chrzanowski, Marian Żyluk, Czesław Laudański, Wincenty Gościcki, Roman and Jan Zawadzki, Aleksander and Franciszek Łojewski, Eugeniusz Śliwecki, Stanisław Sielawa and several other local men pronounced innocent and released by the courts without recompense. Out of 22 indicted for the crime at the time, almost half were wrongfully accused.[3]

The unlawful interrogation methods were confirmed by the Stalinist minister of public security Stanisław Radkiewicz, who admitted in an internal memo that the "fixing" of the investigation included beatings, the complete omission of circumstances and evidence, and the rephrasing of testimonies to aid prosecution in a way that did not reflect reality.[8]

[edit] Controversy and investigation

It was generally assumed that the Jedwabne massacre was an atrocity committed by an Einsatzgruppe until 1997–2000, when Agnieszka Arnold's Where is my older brother, Cain? and Neighbours revisionist documentary films were produced.

These were followed by a detailed study of the event in the book Neighbors,[9] by Polish-Jewish-American sociologist and historian Jan T. Gross, who described the massacre not as a pogrom but as a deliberate, cold-blooded, mass-murder. Gross concluded that, contrary to the official accounts, the Jews in Jedwabne had been rounded up and killed by mobs of their own Polish neighbours, without any supervision or assistance from an Einsatzgruppe or other German force. He referred to the number of victims (1,600) presented on a memorial stone in Jedwabne.[10] Nevertheless Gross states that this massacre could be a provocation, considering that two main local leaders inspiring the mob to murder, Zygmunt Laudański and Karol Bardoń, were NKVD agents.[11]

The publication of Neighbors in Poland inspired a good deal of controversy on its release there in 2000. There was a basic agreement in the mainstream Polish press regarding the basic accuracy of Gross's findings, although specific details and questions about Gross's methodology were debated by Polish scholars.[12] Polish historians (such as Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski)[13], questioned its conclusions and its methodology.

Following an intensive investigation the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) released a report in 2002 in which it largely supported Gross's findings, although the estimated death toll of the massacre (a minimum of 340 Polish Jews murdered)[14][15] was significantly lower than the number suggested by Gross. Since then other estimates have been presented, in the range of 200 to 1000.[16]

Another controversy is related to the extent of German involvement in the massacre.[17] For example, Tomasz Strzembosz, Professor of History at the Catholic University of Lublin and at the Polish Academy of Sciences' Institute of Political Studies, argued that though Poles would have been involved, the operation had been supervised by the German forces.[18] The IPN found that there were 68 Gestapo as well as numerous German policemen present ariving from different local posts, as reported by witness Natalia Gąsiorowska providing a meal.[3] Yet some scholars note that the German involvement is not certain; while many witnesses claim to have seen German soldiers that day in Jedwabne, others had not witnessed Germans in the town at that time.[17] As contemporary court records show, the active involvement of gentile Poles is certain, but the question of extent and nature of possible German participation has not been settled.[17] The IPN concluded that the crime in a broader sense must be ascribed to the Germans, whilst in a stricter sense to gentile Poles, estimated at about 40 men from Jedwabne and a nearby settlements.[19] Jan T. Gross himself praised the conduct of the IPN investigation.[19]

In 2001 the President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, officially apologized the Jewish people for the crime on behalf of Poland.[20] This caused a certain criticism, as some considered Jedwabne to be a solely German crime, while others believed that the whole nation was not to bear responsibility for the crimes performed by some. At that time of the apology the IPN investigation was not yet completed.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, page 261.
  2. ^ Prof. Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, "Jedwabne: The Politics of Apology", presented at the Panel Jedwabne – A Scientific Analysis, Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America, Inc., June 8, 2002, Georgetown University, Washington DC.
  3. ^ a b c Tomasz Strzembosz, “Inny obraz sąsiadów” archived by Internet Wayback Machine and translated by Mariusz Wesolowski as the Ultimate debunking of Gross.
  4. ^ a b c d e (Polish) The 90th session of the Senate of the Republic of Poland. Stenograph, part 2.2. A Report by Leon Kieres, president of the Institute of National Remembrance, for the period from July 1, 2000 to June 30, 2001. Donald Tusk presiding.
  5. ^ Michlic, Polonsky, The Neighbors Respond. "Memories and Methodologies," page 334.
  6. ^ Do Żydów w Jedwabnem nie strzelano, www.forum-znak.org.pl ,18.04.2002
  7. ^ Gross, Neighbours p. 17-18 (Polish edition)
  8. ^ Michlic, Polonsky, ibidem. "Memories and Methodologies," page 306.
  9. ^ Gross, "Neighbors ..."
  10. ^ The inscription on the memorial stone raised in the place of the barn at Jedwabne read: "Place of torture and execution of the Jewish population. The Gestapo and Nazi gendarmerie burned 1600 people alive on 10 July 1941." (Polish: Miejsce kaźni ludności żydowskiej. Gestapo i żandarmeria hitlerowska spaliła żywcem 1600 osób 10.VII.1941.). In 2001 the stone was removed and deposited in the Polish Army Museum in Białystok.
  11. ^ Gross, Neighbours p. 78-79 (Polish edition)
  12. ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003.
  13. ^ The Politics of Apology and Contrition by Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, 2002
  14. ^ Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem w dniu 10 lipca 1941 r. (A communique regarding the decision to stop investigation of the murder of Polish citizens of Jewish nationality in Jedwabne on 10 July 1941) from 30 June 2003
  15. ^ Insight Into Tragedy. The Warsaw Voice, 17 July 2003.
  16. ^ Joanna B. Michlic and Antony Polonsky. Letter to the Editor. History. January 2008, Vol. 93 Issue 309.
  17. ^ a b c Findings of Investigation S 1/00/Zn into the Murder of Polish Citizens of Jewish Origin in the Town of Jedwabne on 10 July 1941, pursuant to Article 1 Point 1 of the Decree of 31 August 1944. In: Antony Polonsky & Joanna B. Michlic, eds. The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton University Press, 2003.
  18. ^ Tomasz Strzembosz Jedwabne 1941
  19. ^ a b ELŻBIETA POŁUDNIK, ANDRZEJ KACZYŃSKI, Wyniki śledztwa w sprawie Jedwabnego - Jednak sąsiedzi, Rzeczpospolita, 10 June 2002
  20. ^ Poland's Kwasniewski apologizes for Jedwabne pogrom.

[edit] References

  • Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (2005). "The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, After". Columbia University Press and East European Monographs. ISBN 0-88033-554-8. 
  • Gross, Jan Tomasz (2001). "Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland". Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-14-200240-2. 
  • Gross, Jan Tomasz (2003). "Wokół Sąsiadów. Polemiki i wyjaśnienia" (in Polish). Sejny: Pogranicze. ISBN 8386872489. 
  • Polonsky, A., & Michlic, J. B. (2004). The neighbors respond: the controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. isbn 0-691-11306-8
  • Stola, Dariusz. {2003). Jedwabne: Revisiting the Evidence and Nature of the Crime. Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 17 (1):139–152.

[edit] Further reading

  • Grünberg, S. (2005). The Legacy of Jedwabne. Spencer, NY: LogTV, LTD.
  • Zimmerman, J. D. (2003). Contested memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its aftermath. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813531586
  • Thou Shalt Not Kill. Poles on Jedwabne, Więź.

[edit] See also

[edit] External links