Jean-Baptiste Eugène Estienne
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| Jean-Baptiste Eugène Estienne | |
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| November 7, 1860 - April 2, 1936 | |
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| Place of birth | Condé-en-Barrois, France |
| Allegiance | France |
| Service/branch | French Army |
| Rank | General of Artillery |
Jean-Baptiste Eugène Estienne (7 November 1860 - 2 April 1936) was a general of artillery and a specialist in military engineering, one of the founders of modern French artillery and French military aviation; and the creator of the French tank arm. He is considered by many in France to be the Père des Chars (Father of the Tank).
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[edit] Early life
Estienne was born at Condé-en-Barrois in the Meuse valley. He was admitted to the École Polytechnique at the age of nineteen. He graduated 131st of his year in 1882, the same year he won first prize in the national mathematics competition. He would for the rest of his life be interested in mathematical and philosophical problems, but his real passion was Greek Antiquity.
[edit] Military career
[edit] Modern artillery
In 1883 he joined the French army as a second lieutenant, from 1884 serving with the artillery. Studying ballistics, in 1890 he presented his first major work, Erreurs d'Observation, to the Académie des Sciences; this stimulated the introduction of modern indirect fire methods.
Promoted to Captain with the 1st Artillery Regiment in 1891, he began to develop telemetric instruments at the Bourges arsenal to put his theories in practice. In 1902 he was made squadron commander with the 19th Artillery Regiment, but his real work was done as head of the workshop building precision instruments for the technical artillery section in Paris, and promoting the use of telephonic connections to enable the artillery to change fire targets quickly. This work did not keep him from publishing a paper on Pascal's theorem in 1906. In 1907 he became head of the artillery school at Grenoble.
[edit] Military Aviation
At that time Estienne was already reputed one of the most competent and progressive officers in France, and one of the founders of modern artillery. When General Brun created the French aviation service at Reims in 1909, the logical candidate to command this new unit was Estienne. Since the main task of aircraft was seen as directing artillery fire, he seemed the best qualified man to solve the technological difficulties involved. So Estienne, now promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel, also became one of the founders of French military aviation. After establishing proper organisation, training and production of aircraft while developing communication methods, he commanded 5th Aviation Group at Lyon for a short time. But he was recalled to the arsenal of Vincennes to continue his technical work — though he couldn't resist founding a new artillery aviation section there.
[edit] First World War
At the outbreak of the First World War Estienne was made commander of the 22nd Artillery Regiment serving with Philippe Pétain's division. At the Battle of Charleroi he shocked his German opponents by the precision of his artillery fire, which was well directed due to close cooperation with aircraft. But even Estienne's competence could not save the French infantry from being destroyed by machine gun fire.
Having long been an advocate of indirect fire methods, Estienne now began to search for viable ways to provide close support fire with field guns. On August 23 he made his famous statement Messieurs, la victoire appartiendra dans cette guerre à celui des deux belligérants qui parviendra le premier à placer un canon de 75 sur une voiture capable de se mouvoir en tout terrain ("Sirs, the victory in this war will belong to which of the two belligerents which will be the first to place a gun of 75 [mm] on a vehicle able to be driven on all terrain"). However, as suitable vehicles were lacking at the time, nothing more could be done.
In the summer of 1915 he learned that Eugène Brillié of the Schneider Company and Jules-Louis Bréton (then a member of parliament) were developing a barbed wire-cutter on a tracked Holt type chassis. He wrote several letters during the autumn of 1915 to Joseph Joffre at GQG (the French GHQ) with his ideas about using such tracked vehicles. These letters never got further than Joffre's staff
On December 1 1915, a few weeks after he became aware of the British tank programme, Estienne wrote a personal letter to Joffre, in which he proposed that the French army undertake a similar project. In particular, he advocated the creation of a force of all-terrain armoured vehicles large enough to assist 20,000 infantrymen to break through the full depth of a German defensive position. Armed with light artillery, the vehicles would also serve to transport men, equipment and supplies across the 40 km or so that separated French assembly areas from the open terrain behind the German defensive positions.[1]
He was invited to explain his ideas further to Joffre's Deputy Chief of Staff, General Jules Janin, during a personal visit on December 12. On December 9 he and Pétain attended a demonstration of the chassis of the Schneider CA tank. He realized that unknown to him Schneider had been constructing an armoured tracked vehicle since May, and immediately understood that the existence of such a prototype, even though incomplete, might well prove a decisive argument for the creation of an armoured force. On December 20 he was proven right when an official plan was conceived to produce the Schneider CA. The same day he contacted Louis Renault to convince him to build light tanks, but the industrialist refused. During a personal visit to Joffre on January 18, 1916 he convinced the supreme commander that the plan was sound.
Estienne himself was not at first personally involved in the development of the new tanks. He suggested some ideas that were duly taken notice of, but otherwise had no effect on the preparations for construction and production. Two of his personal enemies, Undersecretary Jean-Louis Bréton (who resented that Estienne had taken over his project) and Colonel Emile Rimailho (the co-inventor, with Deport and General St. Claire Deville, of the famous French 75 mm field gun) cooperated to build the ill-fated St Chamond tank.
In the summer of 1916 Estienne was side-tracked by being made head of recruiting. This was an important and responsible position, but he was unhappy, despite a promise in August of promotion to Gėnėral de Brigade (Brigadier). On July 16, during a chance meeting, Renault informed him that his company was developing a light tank (the Renault FT-17), but Estienne was not in a position to make any promises. In August he and Bréton traveled together to London, where they tried to convince the British government to postpone the first use of tanks until the French tanks were ready. They were unsuccessful, but the British action had a beneficial side-effect in that the first use of the British Mark I tanks on September 15 created a euphoria that accelerated developments and on September 30 Estienne was appointed Commander of the Artillerie Spéciale: the French army's tank arm. On October 17 he was promoted to Gėnėral de Brigade (Brigadier).
At the time there was a lack of personnel and materiel and Estienne spent many months creating the new force from scratch: first recruiting personnel, then constructing training grounds, and waiting till December 1 for the first Schneider CA tank to be delivered so that training could begin in earnest. During these months he cooperated with Renault to develop the Renault FT-17, and tried to block efforts by General Mouret to mass-produce superheavy tanks (the later Char 2C), which threatened to swallow the available production capacity.
On 16 April 1917 he was forced by the new supreme commander Robert Nivelle to commit his armoured force prematurely near Berry-au-Bac, leading to a complete failure. The officer commanding the attack, Commandant Louis Bossut, was killed; a large monument there commemorates all the French tankers who died in WW I. This disaster nearly led to the abolition of the tank force; Estienne was only saved by the appointment of his friend Pétain as Commander in Chief.
Estienne now directed his mind to the creation of appropriate tactics for the use of tanks. He considered that tanks were to above all act as mobile artillery, capable of moving over the ravaged battlefields and breaking through enemy lines, without any traditional artillery support for the standard preliminary "softening up". Heavier tanks might be useful for this but a more efficient effort could be made by a "swarm" of lighter and faster vehicles. Estienne paid little attention to exploitation.
In 1918 a large number of Renault FT-17s was finally made available. This allowed the French to counterattack effectively for the first time since 1914. The FT-17 subsequently became the Char de la Victoire and the necessity for a strong tank force became firmly established.
[edit] Post war
In 1919 Estienne submitted to Pétain a proposal titled Study of the Missions of Tanks in the Field. This stressed the need for armoured, tracked support vehicles to carry infantry, artillery, and recovery teams alongside the tanks, and also for the need for aircraft to conduct in-depth bombardment of the enemy. This was somewhat advanced for the time, and presaged Tukhachevsky's ideas of the 1930s.[2]
After the war Estienne held command of French tank forces until 1927, first as Artillerie Spéciale, then as commander of the Chars when in 1920 all tanks were made part of the Infantry by law. At a conference in Brussels in 1921 he called for a 100,000 man force equipped with 4,000 tanks and 8,000 transport vehicles that could break an enemy's front and advance 80 km in a single night. However, the military establishment in France believed in rigid infantry-oriented warfare and his appeal went unheeded.[3]
Although politician Paul Reynaud supported progressive ideas like those of Estienne and called for a mobile army that could take the offensive as early as 1924, he represented a minority position in the French parliament. French military doctrine still relegated tanks to the role of supporting the infantry, a situation that did not change until Weygand took command.[3] Indeed, Estienne criticized the idea of infantry support tanks until his death.[4] Charles de Gaulle was an enthusiastic pupil of Estienne's and was the only French tank advocate to demonstrate the potential of armoured forces to act as a counter to German developments in the field.[5]
[edit] Legacy
Estienne is revered in France as the "Father of the Tanks", even having a street in Paris named after him. Several military stations and posts have also borne his name and the biggest tank museum in France and the world, the Musée des Blindés in Saumur, is called "Musée Général Estienne".
[edit] Notes
- ^ Gudmundsson, Bruce I. (2004). On Armor. Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 38. ISBN 0275950190.
- ^ Bellamy, Chris (1990). The Evolution of Modern Land Warfare: Theory and Practice. Routledge, p. 83. ISBN 0415020735.
- ^ a b Kaufmann, H.W.; Tomasz Idzikowski (2005). Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II. Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 6. ISBN 0275983455.
- ^ Winton, Harold R.; David R. Mets (2000). The Challenge of Change: Military Institutions and New Realities, 1918-1941. University of Nebraska Press, p. 18. ISBN 0803247931.
- ^ Kurowski, Franz (2004). Panzer Aces: German Tank Commanders in World War II. Stackpole Books, p. 427. ISBN 0811731731.
[edit] References
- Jean-Baptiste Eugène Estienne. Histoire du Monde.net. Retrieved on 2008-05-12.
