Japanese consonant and vowel verbs

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Japanese has two types of regular verb,

consonant stem, godan katsuyō (五段活用, godan katsuyō^?), Group I, or u verbs, and
vowel stem, ichidan katsuyō (一段活用, ichidan katsuyō^?), Group II, or ru verbs.

Although both types are considered regular verbs, the consonant stem verbs conjugate differently from the vowel stem verbs. The consonant stem verbs conjugate after a consonant, and the vowel stem verbs conjugate after a vowel, as can be seen in the following examples:

	consonant stem		vowel stem
Example	yom.u (read)	hashir.u (run)	mi.ru (see)	tabe.ru (eat)
Negative	yom.anai	hashir.anai	mi.nai	tabe.nai
Polite form	yom.imasu	hashir.imasu	mi.masu	tabe.masu

Please see Japanese verb conjugations for all the verb forms.

All of the vowel stem verbs end in either eru or iru. However, not all verbs ending in iru or eru are vowel stem verbs. For example, hashiru, "run", is a consonant stem verb.

1 List of verbs ending in "eru" which are consonant stem verbs
2 List of verbs ending in "iru" which are consonant stem verbs
3 External links
4 References

[edit] List of verbs ending in "eru" which are consonant stem verbs

aseru	to hurry
azakeru	to ridicule
daberu	to chatter
eru	to carve (note that eru meaning "to get, to obtain" is a vowel stem verb)
eru	to choose (see eru above)
eru	to ridicule (see eru above)
fukeru	to be absorbed in
fuseru	to hide, lie in ambush
haberu	to attend on
heru	to humble oneself
heru	to decrease
hineru	to twist
hirugaeru	to turn over, to wave
hoderu	to feel hot
hoteru	to flush, to feel hot
kaeru	to turn over (note that kaeru meaning "to alter" and kaeru meaning "to exchange" are NOT consonant verbs)
kaeru	to return (see note for kaeru, above)
kaeru	to be hatched (see note for kaeru, above)
kageru	to become cloudy
kakeru	to soar
keru	to kick
kuneru	to be crooked
kutsugaeru	to be overturned
meru	to decrease
neru	to temper, to refine, to knead (note that neru meaning "to sleep" is a vowel stem verb)
nomeru	to fall forward
numeru	to be slippery
omoneru	to flatter
seru	to compete
seseru	to pick, play with
shaberu	to talk, to chat
shigeru	to grow thick
shikeru	to become damp
soberu	to lie sprawled
suberu	to slip
takeru	to act violently
teru	to shine
tsumeru	to pinch
tsuneru	to pinch
uneru	to undulate
useru	to root with the nose
yomigaeru	to rise from the dead

[edit] List of verbs ending in "iru" which are consonant stem verbs

aburagiru	to be greasy
bibiru	to be surprised
chigiru	to pledge
chiru	to scatter
dojiru	to mess up
guchiru	to grumble
hairu	to enter
hashiru	to run
hiru	to winnow
hojiru	to pick, dig out
hotobashiru	to gush, spurt
ibiru	to torment, roast
ijiru	to fiddle with
ikiru	to become sultry (note that ikiru meaning "to live, to stay alive" is a vowel stem verb)
iru	to boil down (note that iru meaning "to be" is a vowel stem verb)
iru	to go in (see iru above)
iru	to need (see iru above)
iru	to roast (see iru above)
kagiru	to limit
kajiru	to gnaw
kashiru	to curse
kiru	to become misty (note that kiru meaning "to put on [clothing]" is a vowel stem verb)
kiru	to cut (see kiru above)
kishiru	to become misty
kishiru	to squeak, creak
kojiru	to gouge, wrench
kubiru	to grip, strangle
kujiru	to gouge, scoop
mairu	to come/go - humble
majiru	mingle
meiru	to feel depressed
mikubiru	to belittle; to despise
minagiru	to overflow
mogiru	to wrench
mojiru	to parody, to twist
mushiru	to pluck, to pick, to tear
najiru	to rebuke
nejiru	to twist
nigiru	to grasp
nijiru	to edge forward
nonoshiru	to abuse verbally
ochiiru	to fall, sink
omoiiru	to ponder, to contemplate
omoikiru	to dare to (usually in the form omoikitte or omoikitta.)
sebiru	to pester for
shiru	to know
soshiru	to slander
sujiru	to wriggle
tagiru	to boil, to seethe
tamagiru	to be frightened
tobashiru	to gush
tochiru	to muff lines
yajiru	to jeer at
yogiru	to pass by, to drop in
yojiru	to twist, distort
yokogiru	to traverse