James Robert Napier (engineer)
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James Robert Napier, FRS (12 September 1821 - 13 December 1879), engineer and inventor of Napier's diagram, a tool for nautical navigation.
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[edit] Early life and education
James Robert Napier was born in Camlachie, Glasgow in 1821 to father Robert Napier, himself a noted shipbuilder. He was educated at the High School of Glasgow, where he was found to excel at mathematics, and also graduated from the University of Glasgow.
[edit] Shipbuilder
He was placed in charge of his father's shipbuilding business in 1842.
In 1848 he married Emma Mary Twentyman, and together they had seven children.
Napier carried out a series of experiments, measuring errors in compass navigation, and published his findings in 1851. This was called Napier's Diagram, and it was a graphic method of correcting deviation of a ship's compass, which is still referenced in navigation books.
Napier worked with the engineer and physicist William Rankine to attempt to improve naval engineering, including patenting an air engine (founded on the thermodynamic principle that temperature difference governs engine efficiency) with him in 1853, but the engine never saw widespread use. In 1853, he was also made a full partner in his father's business, which became R. Napier & Sons.
Exhausted from the frantic schedule required to build the HMS Erebus in 1856 for the British government during the Crimean War, in 1857, Napier left the shipbuilding business he had been running for the previous 15 years, and started on other, less successful ventures.
[edit] Later career
He started his own shipyard shortly thereafter, but closed the business shortly after, citing his failing health, and took up interest in the West of Scotland Fishery Company, but this venture, too, proved unsuccessful. Then he attempted to run one of his iron ships, the "Lancefield", to ferry cargo and passengers between ardrossan and Belfast. While this business was a moderate success, it led to legal troubles with the Glasgow and South-Western Railway Company. Although Napier won this legal battle, he subsequently sold the "Lancefield", ending his interest in shipping. After this he worked occasionally on commission as an engineering consultant. In this endeavor he helped to design a ship to navigate the Godaveri river in Kaleshwaram, India.
[edit] Professional memberships
He was a member of The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, and the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and was president of The Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland from 1863-65. [1] He was inducted into the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge in 1867. [2]
[edit] Death
He died in Glasgow in December of 1879, after contracting an illness while boating on Loch Lomond.
[edit] Bibliography
- Shipbuilding, Theoretical and Practical 1866 (with William Rankine and others)
- On pressure logs for measuring the speed of ships 1872
- On British weights and measures: The pound or libric system 1873
- On the economy of fuel in domestic arrangements 1874
- On the chemical and microscopical analysis of an unsound wine 1878
- Memoir of the late ... David Elder 1891 (published posthumously)
