Jaguar Cars

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Jaguar Cars Ltd
Type	Subsidiary
Founded	1922
Founder	Sir William Lyons
Headquarters	Coventry, England, UK
Key people	Ratan Tata, Chairman David Smith, CEO Mike O'Driscoll, Managing Director
Industry	Automotive
Products	Automobile
Employees	10,000
Parent	Tata Motors
Website	www.jaguar.com

Jaguar Cars Limited is a luxury car manufacturer based in Whitley, Coventry, United Kingdom with two production plants in Castle Bromwich and Halewood. It was founded as the Swallow Sidecar Company in Blackpool in 1922, changing to SS Cars Ltd in 1934 in Coventry, and finally becoming Jaguar Cars Ltd in 1945, followed by several subsequent changes of ownership. The company was bought by Ford Motor Corporation in 1989 becoming part of their Premier Automotive Group. On 2008-03-26 Ford and Tata Motors of India announced an agreement that Ford would sell its Jaguar Land Rover operations to Tata for US$2.3 billion.^[1][2] On 2008-06-02 the sale to Tata was completed by both parties.^[3]

Jaguar Cars holds Royal Warrants from HM Queen Elizabeth II and HRH Prince Charles.^[4]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Mergers and nationalization 1.2 Privatisation 1.3 Purchase by Ford 1.3.1 Sale by Ford 1.4 Purchase by Tata Motors 2 Assembly plants 3 Historical models 4 Pronunciation 5 Notable models 6 Engines 7 Current models 8 Concept models 9 Jaguar's motorsport history 10 Image gallery 11 References 12 External links

[edit] History

Founded as the Swallow Sidecar Company in 1922, by two motorcycle enthusiasts, William Lyons and William Walmsley, the SS Jaguar name first appeared on a 2.5 litre saloon in 1935. The Jaguar name was given to the entire company in 1945.

Jaguar made its name in the 1950s with a series of elegantly-styled sports cars and luxury saloons. The company bought the Daimler Motor Company (not to be confused with Daimler-Benz), in 1960 from Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA). From the late 1960s, Daimler was used as a brand name for Jaguar's most luxurious saloons.

[edit] Mergers and nationalization

Jaguar merged with the British Motor Corporation (BMC), the Austin-Morris combine, to form British Motor Holdings (BMH) in 1966. After merging with Leyland, which had already taken over Rover and Standard Triumph, the resultant company then became the British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC) in 1968. Financial difficulties and the publication of the Ryder Report led to effective nationalisation in 1975 and the company became British Leyland Ltd (later simply BL plc).

In the 1970s the Jaguar and Daimler marques formed part of BL's specialist car division or Jaguar Rover Triumph Ltd until a restructure in the early 1980s saw most of the BL volume car manufacturing side becoming the Austin Rover Group within which Jaguar was not included.

[edit] Privatisation

In 1984, Jaguar was floated off as a separate company on the stock market — one of the Thatcher government's many privatisations.

[edit] Purchase by Ford

The Ford Motor Company made an offer to purchase the company in September 1989 which was accepted at an Extraordinary General Meeting in January 1990 and Jaguar was removed from the London Stock Exchange listings on 28 February 1990.^[5] In 1999 it became part of Ford's new Premier Automotive Group along with Aston Martin, Volvo Cars and, from 2000, Land Rover; Aston Martin was subsequently sold off in 2007. Between Ford purchasing Jaguar in 1989 and selling it in 2008 it did not earn any profit for the Dearborn-based auto manufacturer.

Since Land Rover's 2002 purchase by Ford, it has been closely associated with Jaguar. In many countries they share a common sales and distribution network (including shared dealerships), and some models now share components, although the only shared production facility is Halewood, for the X-Type and the Freelander 2. However operationally the two companies were effectively integrated under a common management structure within Ford's PAG.

[edit] Sale by Ford

On 11 June 2007, Ford announced that it planned to sell Jaguar, along with Land Rover and retained the services of Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and HSBC to advise it on the deal. The sale was initially expected to be announced by September 2007, but was delayed until March 2008. Private equity firms such as Alchemy Partners of the UK, TPG Capital, Ripplewood Holdings (which hired former Ford Europe executive Sir Nick Scheele to head its bid), Cerberus Capital Management and One Equity Partners (owned by JP Morgan Chase and managed by former Ford executive Jacques Nasser) of the US, Tata Motors of India and a consortium comprising Mahindra and Mahindra (an auto manufacturer from India) and Apollo Management all initially expressed interest in purchasing the marques from the Ford Motor Company.^[6][7]

Before the sale was announced, Anthony Bamford, chairman of British excavators manufacturer JCB had expressed interest in purchasing the company in August 2006,^[8] but backed out when told the sale would also involve Land Rover, which he did not wish to buy. On Christmas Eve of 2007, Mahindra and Mahindra backed out of the race for both brands, citing complexities in the deal.^[9]

On January 1, 2008, Ford made a formal announcement which declared Tata as the preferred bidder.^[10]Tata Motors also received endorsements from the Transport And General Worker's Union (TGWU)-Amicus^[11] combine as well as from Ford.^[12] According to the rules of the auction process, this announcement would not automatically disqualify any other potential suitor. However, Ford (as well as representatives of Unite) would now be able to enter into more focused and detailed discussions with Tata to iron out issues ranging from labour concerns (job security and pensions), technology (IT systems and engine production) and intellectual property,^[13] as well as the final sale price.^[14] Ford would also open its books for a more comprehensive due diligence by Tata.^[15] On March 18, 2008, Reuters reported that American bankers Citigroup and JP Morgan shall be underwriting a loan of USD 3 billion in order to finance the deal.^[16]

[edit] Purchase by Tata Motors

On March 26, 2008, Ford announced that it had agreed to sell its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors, and that the sale was expected to be completed by the end of the second quarter of 2008.^[1] Included in the deal were the rights to three other British brands, Jaguar's own Daimler, as well as two dormant brands Lanchester and Rover.^[17] On 2008-06-02 the sale to Tata was completed by both parties ^[3]

[edit] Assembly plants

The Swallow Sidecar company was originally located in Blackpool but moved to Coventry in 1928 when demand for the Austin Swallow became too great for the factory's capacity.^[18] Today, Jaguars are assembled at Castle Bromwich in Birmingham and Halewood in Liverpool. The historic Browns Lane plant closed in 2005, leaving the XJ, XK and S-Type production at Castle Bromwich and the X-Type at Halewood, alongside the new Land Rover Freelander 2, from 2007.

[edit] Historical models

The Jaguar company started production with the pre-war 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 litre models which used engines designed by the Standard Motor Company. The 1.5 litre four-cylinder engine was still supplied by Standard but the two larger six-cylinder ones were made in house. These cars have become known unofficially as Mark IVs.

The first post war model was the 1948 Mark V available with either 2.5 or 3.5 litre engines and had a more streamlined appearance than pre-war models, but more important was the change to independent front suspension and hydraulic brakes.

The big breakthrough was the launch in 1948 of the XK120 sports car, with the new XK twin overhead camshaft (DOHC) 3.5 litre hemi-head six-cylinder engine designed by William Heynes, Walter Hassan and Claude Baily. This engine had been designed during the long nights during the war when they would be on fire watch in the factory. After several attempts a final design was arrived at. That is until owner William Lyons said "make it quieter". The car had originally been intended as a short production model of about 200 vehicles as a test bed for the new engine until its intended home, the new Mark VII saloon, was ready. The XK120's reception was such that production continued until 1954; it was followed by the XK140, the XK150, and the E-Type, keeping Jaguar in the sports car market.

Introducing the large Mark VII saloon in 1951, a car especially conceived for the American market, Jaguar soon found itself overwhelmed with orders. The Mark VII and its successors gathered rave reviews from magazines such as Road & Track and The Motor. In 1956 a Mark VII won the prestigious Monte Carlo Rally.

The 1955 Mark 1 small saloon was the first monocoque (unibody) car from Jaguar and used a 2.4 litre short stroke version of the XK engine. In 1959, the car was improved with a larger engine and wider windows and became the Mark 2, one of the most recognizable Jaguar models ever produced. It would be popular with British police forces for its small size, light weight, and powerful engine.

The Mark VIII of 1956 and Mark IX of 1958 were essentially updates of the Mark VII but the Mark X of 1961 was a completely new design of large saloon with all round independent suspension and unibody construction.

The independent rear suspension from the Mark X was incorporated in the 1963 S-Type which closely resembled the Mark 2, and in 1967 the Mark 2 name was dropped when the small saloon became the 240/340 range. The 420 of 1966, also sold as the Daimler Sovereign, put a new front onto the S-type, although both cars continued in parallel until the S-Type was dropped in 1968. The Mark X became the 420G in 1966.

Of the more recent saloons, the most significant is the XJ (1968-present), still the definitive Jaguar saloon car for many. Since 1968 the Series I XJ has seen major changes in 1973 (to Series II), 1979 (Series III), 1986 Europe/1987 United States (XJ40), 1995 (X300), 1997 (to the V-8 powered X308), 2003 (the present model, X350). The most luxurious XJ models carry either the Vanden Plas (US) or Daimler (rest of world) nameplates.

[edit] Pronunciation

The name is pronounced /ˈdʒægjuːɚ/ "jag-u-ar" (except in North America where it is often pronounced /ˈdʒægwɑr/ "jag-war") with the term "Jag" being used colloquially.

[edit] Notable models

Sports:

• 1948–1954 XK120
• 1954–1957 XK140
• 1957–1961 XK150
• 1961–1974 E-Type
• 1975–1996 XJ-S
• 1997–2005 XK (X100)
• 2006-date XK (X150)

Compact & Medium Executive:

• 1935–1949 1½ Litre saloon
• 1955–1959 Mark 1
• 1959–1967 Mark 2
• 1963–1968 S-type
• 1966–1968 420
• 1966–1968 240 & 340
• 1999-2008 S-type
• 2001-date X-type
• 2008-date XF (new model replacing S-Type)

Large Executive:

• 1935–1948 2½ Litre saloon
• 1937–1948 3½ Litre saloon
• 1948–1951 Mark V
• 1951–1957 Mark VII (& VIIM)
• 1957–1959 Mark VIII
• 1959–1961 Mark IX
• 1961-1970 Mark X
• 1966-1970 420G
• 1968–1987 XJ6 Series 1, 2 & 3
• 1972–1992 XJ12
• 1986–1994 XJ6 (XJ40)
• 1993–1994 XJ12 (XJ81)
• 1995–1997 XJ6 & XJ12 (X300 & X301)
• 1997–2002 XJ8 (X308)
• 2003–date XJ (X350)

[edit] Engines

Jaguar has designed in-house four generations of engines.

• Historical engines:
  • Jaguar XK6 engine – inline-6
  • Jaguar V12 engine – V12
  • Jaguar AJ6 engine – inline-6
• Current engines:
  • Jaguar AJ-V8 engine – V8
  • Jaguar AJ-V6 engine – V6

[edit] Current models

The current Jaguar line-up includes the following models:

2007 Jaguar Model Line-up
Model	US Type	Price Range	Notes
XJ	Full-size luxury sedan	£43,642 - £60,252 ($64,250 – $116,000)
S-Type	Executive car luxury sedan	£29,097 - £45,102 ($46,500 – $66,500)	To be replaced by the Jaguar XF
X-Type	Entry level luxury sedan and wagon	£21,500 -£30,995 ($33,500 – $37,500)
XK	Sports car/Coupé/Convertible	£60,097 - £76,097 ($75,500 – $93,000)
XF	Sports car/sedan	£33,900 - £54,900 ($49,975 - $62,975)

[edit] Concept models

• Pirana (1967)
• XK180 (1998)
• F-type (2000) – Roadster, similar to the XK8 but smaller
• R-Coupé (2002) – Luxury four-seater coupé, closest competitor being the Bentley Continental GT
• Fuore XF 10 (2003)
• R-D6 (2003) – Compact four-seat coupé
• XK-RR – A high-performance version of last generation XK coupé
• XK-RS – Another performance-spec version of last generation XK convertible
• Concept Eight (2004) – Super-luxury version of the long-wheelbase model of the XJ
• C-XF (2007)

[edit] Jaguar's motorsport history

See also: Jaguar Racing and Jaguar XJR Sportscars

The company has had major success in sports car racing, particularly in the Le Mans 24 Hours. Victories came in 1951 and 1953 with the C-Type, then in 1955, 1956 and 1957 with the D-Type. The manager of the racing team during this period, Lofty England, later went on to become CEO of Jaguar in the early 1970s. Although the prototype XJ13 was built in the mid-1960s it was never raced, and the famous race was then left for many years, until in the mid-1980s when Tom Walkinshaw's TWR team started designing and preparing Jaguar V12-engined sports prototypes for European sports car races. The team started winning regularly from 1987, and with increased factory backing the team won Le Mans in 1988 and 1990.

In the late 1990s, Ford decided that Jaguar would be the corporation's Formula One entry. Ford bought out the semi-works Stewart Grand Prix team and rebranded it as Jaguar Racing. The Jaguar F1 program was not a success however, achieving only two podium finishes in five seasons of competition between 2000 and 2004. At the end of 2004, with costs mounting and Ford's profits dwindling, the F1 team was sold to Red Bull energy drinks owner Dietrich Mateschitz, and it became Red Bull Racing. Since 2004 Jaguar has not had an official presence in motorsport.

Notable Jaguar sports racers:

• Jaguar C-Type (1951–53)
• Jaguar D-Type (1954–57)
• Jaguar Lightweight E-Type
• Jaguar XJR Sportscars
• Jaguar XJR-9 (1988)
• XJ220 (1988)
• XJR-15 (1990)

[edit] Image gallery

1937 Jaguar SS 100	Jaguar 2½-Litre Drophead Coupé 1948	Jaguar Mark V Drophead Coupé	Jaguar Mark V Drophead Coupé 1950	Jaguar Mark V Saloon
Jaguar XK120	Jaguar XK120 Roadster	Jaguar Saloon	Jaguar Saloon	Jaguar Mark VII Saloon 1954
Jaguar Mark VII Saloon 1955	Jaguar XK140 Drophead Coupé 1956	Jaguar XK150 Roadster	1963 Jaguar 3.4 Mark 2	Jaguar Saloon
1966 Jaguar E-Type (a.k.a. XKE)	Jaguar 420G Saloon 1968	Jaguar E-Type Fixed-head Coupé 1971	Jaguar XJ12 Saloon 1974	1991 Jaguar XJR-15
1992 Jaguar XJ220	1995 Jaguar XJ6 (Sovereign)	Jaguar XK8

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Jaguar Cars official website

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v • d • e The rise and fall of British Leyland – the car companies and the brands
Marque	1900s					1910s					1920s					1930s					1940s					1950s					1960s					1970s					1980s					1990s					2000s					2008–
Jaguar												SS Cars												Jaguar							Jaguar			BMH	British Leyland							Jaguar				Ford										Tata
Daimler	Daimler					BSA										BSA
Lanchester	Lanchester
Mini																											BMC															Austin Rover				BAe		BMW				BMW MINI
Riley	Riley																			Nuffield Organisation																												BMW
MG												Morris Garages (MG)																																				BMW			MGR				Nanjing
Morris							Morris									Morris
Wolseley	Wolseley
Austin	Austin																							Austin
Vanden Plas			Vanden Plas																																																Ford
Rover		Rover																						Rover									Rover																		BMW MGR			Ford		Tata
Land Rover																																																			Ford					Tata
Alvis												Alvis																																				BAE Systems
Standard		Standard																					Standard Triumph								Leyland Motors																	BMH
Triumph	Dawson										Triumph																																					BMW Triumph

v • d • e Members of the Ford Motor Company Continental · Edsel · Ford · Lincoln · Mazda · Mercury · Merkur · Volvo

v • d • e Jaguar Cars, a subsidiary of Tata Motors since 2008, road and race car timeline, 1940s–1980s — next »
Type	1940s					1950s										1960s										1970s										1980s
	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Sports				XK120							XK140			XK150			E-type S1							E S2			E-type S3				XJ-S						XJ-S HE
Saloon											Mark 1					Mark 2, 240, 340
																				S-Type											XJ-C
																						420		XJ6 S1						XJ6 S2						XJ6 S3								XJ6 (XJ40)
	Mk IV				Mk V			Mk VII				Mk VIII			Mk IX			Mk X				420G						XJ12 S1		XJ12 S2						XJ12 S3
Supercar														Jaguar XKSS
Racing							C-Type			D-Type								E-Type				XJ13										XJ-C		XJ41 XJ42						XJRs
Corporate ownership	Independent																					BMH		British Leyland															Independent					Ford

v • d • e « previous — Jaguar Cars, a subsidiary of Tata Motors since 2008, road and race car timeline, 1980s–present
Type	1980s										1990s										2000s
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Sports car		XJ-S HE										XJS					XK8 / XKR										XK / XKR
Compact exec																							X-Type
Executive car																					S-Type								XF
Full-size	XJ6 S3								XJ6 (XJ40)							XJ6			XJ8 / XJR					XJ8 / XJR
	XJ12 S3													XJ12		XJ12
Halo model													15	XJ220
Racing					XJRs									C							R1/2/3/4/5							XKR GT3
Ownership	British Leyland			Independent					Ford																				Tata Motors