Jacobite Peerage
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After the deposition by the English parliament in February 1689 of King James II and VII from the thrones of England and Ireland (the Scottish Estates followed suit on April 11, 1689), he and his successors continued to create peers and baronets, which they believed was their right. These creations were not recognised by James's de facto successors or British law, but the titles were used in Jacobite circles on Continental Europe and recognised by both France and Spain and the Pope. The following tables list the peerages and baronetcies created by the Stuart claimants in exile. The tables present the situation from the Jacobite perspective, and so titles granted after 1689 by King James II's de facto successors to the throne, whose authority was not recognised by Jacobites, are represented in inverted commas.
at present incomplete
Contents |
[edit] Dukes
[edit] Dukes in the peerage of England
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Duke of Powis | 12 January 1689 | Herbert | extinct 22 October 1745 | for the 1st Marquess of Powis |
Duke of Albemarle | 13 January 1696 | FitzJames | extinct 27 December 1702 | for the illegitimate son of King James II. Also bore the title of Grand Prior of England. |
Duke of Northumberland | 22 December 1716 | Wharton | extinct 31 May 1731 | for the 6th Baron Wharton ("2nd Marquess of Wharton") |
Duke of Albemarle | 3 November 1721 | Granville | extinct 2 July 1776 | for George Granville ("1st Baron Lansdowne") |
Duke of Arran | 2 January 1722 | Butler | extinct 17 December 1758 | for Charles Butler ("1st Earl of Arran"), also 3rd Duke of Ormonde from 16 November 1745 |
Duke of Strafford | 5 January 1722 | Wentworth | extinct 10 March 1791 | for the 3rd Baron Raby ("1st Earl of Strafford") |
Duke of York | shortly after 6 March 1725 | Stuart | merged in the crown 31 January 1788 | For Henry Benedict Stuart |
[edit] Dukes in the peerage of Scotland
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Duke of Melfort | 17 April 1692 | Drummond | extinct 28 February 1902 | for the 1st Earl of Melfort, also Duke of Perth from 2 July 1800 |
Duke of Perth | before 17 October 1701 | Drummond | extant | for the 4th Earl of Perth, also Duke of Melfort from 2 July 1800 to 28 February 1902 |
Duke of Mar | 22 October 1715 | Erskine | extant | for the 22nd Earl of Mar |
Duke of Rannoch | 1 February 1717 | Murray | extant | for William, Earl of Tullibardine ("Titular Marquess of Tullibardine", and after July 9, 1724 "2nd Titular Duke of Atholl", by which title he was known among Jacobites, and even by King James VIII & III) |
Duke of St Andrews and Castelblanco | 4 February 1717 | de Rozas | dormant | |
Duke of Inverness | 4 April 1727 | Hay | extinct 1740 | |
Duke of Fraser | 14 March 1740 | Fraser | extinct 8 December 1815 | for the 11th Lord Lovat |
Duchess of Albany | 24 March 1783 or before | Stuart | extinct 14 November 1789 | for Charlotte, illegitimate daughter of King Charles III |
[edit] Dukes in the peerage of Ireland
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Duke of Tyrconnell | 30 March 1689 | Talbot | extinct 14 August 1691 | for Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell |
Duke of Mar | 13 December 1722 | Erskine | extinct 16 March 1766 | also Duke of Mar in Scotland |
[edit] Marquesses
[edit] Marquesses in the peerage of England
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marquess of Montgomery | 12 January 1689 | Herbert | extinct 22 October 1745 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Powis |
Marquess of Trelissick | 20 June 1715 | Paynter | extinct in the 18th century | |
Marquess of Woburn | 22 December 1716 | Wharton | extinct 31 May 1731 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Northumberland |
Marquess Monk and Fitzhemon | 3 November 1721 | Granville | extinct 2 July 1776 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Albemarle |
[edit] Marquesses in the peerage of Scotland
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marquess of Seaforth | circa 1690 | Mackenzie | extinct 11 January 1815 | for the 4th Earl of Seaforth |
Marquess of Forth | 17 April 1692 | Drummond | extinct 28 February 1902 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Melfort |
Marquess of Drummond | before 17 October 1701 | Drummond | extant | subsidiary title of the Duke of Perth |
Marquess of Kenmure | 1707 | Gordon | dormant or extinct | also Viscount of Kenmure |
Marquess Erskine | 22 October 1715 | Erskine | extant | subsidiary title of the Duke of Mar |
Marquess of Blair | 1 February 1717 | Murray | extant | subsidiary title of the Duke of Rannoch |
Marquess of Borland | 4 February 1717 | de Rozas | dormant | subsidiary title of the Duke of St Andrews and Castelblanco |
Marquess of Beaufort | 14 March 1740 | Fraser | extinct 8 December 1815 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Fraser |
[edit] Marquesses in the peerage of Ireland
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marquess of Tyrconnell | 30 March 1689 | Talbot | extinct 14 August 1691 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Tyrconnell |
[edit] Earls
[edit] Earls in the peerage of England
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Earl of Dover | July1689 | Jermyn | extinct 6 April 1708 | also 1st Baron Dover and 3rd Baron Jermyn of St. Edmundsbury |
Earl of Portland | 1690 | Herbert | extinct 5 November 1698 | |
Earl of Tenterden | 3 May 1692 | Hales | extinct 15 March 1829 | |
Earl of Rochford | 13 January 1696 | FitzJames | extinct 27 December 1702 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Albemarle |
Earl of Monmouth | between 16 September and 17 October 1701 | Middleton | extinct February 1747 | also Earl of Middleton in Scotland |
Earl of Macclesfield | 1716 | Dorrington | extinct 1841 | |
Countess of Jersey | April 1716 | Villiers | extinct circa 1735 | Title granted for life |
Earl of Jersey | April 1716 | Villiers | extant | Created for William Villiers, 2nd Earl of Jersey, holder of the Earldom of Jersey created by William of Orange ("William III") in 1697 |
Earl of Bolingbroke | 26 July 1716 | St John | extinct 12 December 1751 | Created for Henry St. John, Secretary of State of Princess Anne of Denmark ("Queen Anne"), by whom he was created "Viscount Bolingbroke" in 1712 |
Earl of Malmesbury | 22 December 1716 | Wharton | extinct 31 May 1731 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Northumberland |
Earl of Mar | 10 November 1717 | Erskine | extinct 16 March 1766 | also Duke of Mar in Scotland |
Earl of Chester | shortly after 31 December 1720 | Stuart | merged in the crown 1 January 1766 | subsidiary title of the Prince of Wales |
Earl North | March 1721 | North | extinct upon the death of the grantee 31 March 1734 | also 6th Baron North of Kirleton and Baron Grey of Rolleston |
Earl of Bath | 6 October 1721 | Granville | dormant 2 July 1776 | also Duke of Albemarle from 3 November 1721 |
Earl of Bath | 3 November 1721 | Granville | extinct 2 July 1776 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Albemarle |
Countess Oglethorpe of Oglethorpe | 9 November 1722 | Oglethorpe | extinct 1756 | |
Earl of Falkland | 13 December 1722 | Cary | extant | also Viscount Falkland in the peerage of Scotland |
Earl of Westminster | 1759 | Murray | extant | also Lord Elibank in the peerage of Scotland from 27 February 1778 |
[edit] Earls in the peerage of Scotland
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Countess of Almond | 13 January 1689 | Davia-Montecuculi | extinct April 1703 | title for life |
Earl of Fortrose | circa 1690 | Mackenzie | extinct 11 January 1815 | subsidiary title of the Marquess of Seaforth |
Earl of Isla and Burntisland | 17 April 1692 | Drummond | extinct 28 February 1902 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Melfort |
Earl of Almond | 12 April 1698 | Davia | unknown | for the husband of the Countess of Almond, above |
Earl of Stobhall | before 17 October 1701 | Drummond | extant | subsidiary title of the Duke of Perth |
Earl of Dundee | shortly before 12 November 1705 | Gualterio | extant | also Marquis of Corgnolo, near Orvieto (created 1723, Pope Innocent XIII), patrician of Rome and Orvieto, noble of Viterbo and Loreto; between 1713 and 1720, also Duke of Cumia, near Messina (created by Philip V of Spain) |
Earl of Kildrummie | 22 October 1715 | Erskine | extant | subsidiary title of the Duke of Mar |
Earl of Glen Tilt | 1 February 1717 | Murray | extant | subsidiary title of the Duke of Rannoch |
Earl of Fordan | 4 February 1717 | de Rozas | dormant | subsidiary title of the Duke of St Andrews and Castelblanco |
Earl of Inverness | 5 October 1718 | Hay | extinct 1740 | also Duke of Inverness from 4 April 1727 |
Earl of Dunbar | 2 February 1721 | Murray | extant | |
Earl of Dillon | 24 June 1721 | Dillon | extant | also Viscount Dillon of Costello Gallen in the peerage of Ireland (created 1622) from 5 February 1733 |
Earl of Nairne | 24 June 1721 | Murray | extant | also Earl of Dunmore from 7 December 1837 |
Earl of Stratherrick and Abertarf | 14 March 1740 | Fraser | extinct 8 December 1815 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Fraser |
Earl of Alford | 20 January 1760 | Graeme | extinct 3 January 1773 |
[edit] Earls in the peerage of Ireland
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Earl of Lucan | January 1691 | Sarsfield | extinct 12 May 1719 | |
Earl of Newcastle | 1692 | Butler | extinct 18 June 1740 | also Viscount of Galmoye in the peerage of Ireland. |
Earl of Browne | 12 April 1726 | Browne | extinct 19 December 1803 | also Count von Browne of the Holy Roman Empire. |
Earl of Moenmoyne | 1746 | Lally | extinct 11 March 1830 | |
Earl Walsh | 20 October 1745 | Walsh | extinct 26 October 1884 | |
Earl of Lismore | 11 October 1746 | O'Brien | extinct before 1789 |
[edit] Viscounts
[edit] Viscounts in the peerage of England
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Viscount Preston | 21 January 1689 | Graham | extinct 1739 | also Viscount Preston of Haddington in the peerage of Scotland (cr. 1682) |
Viscount Cheveley | 9 July 1689 | Jermyn | extinct 6 April 1708 | susidiary title of the Earl of Dover |
Viscount Tunstall | 3 May 1692 | Hales | extinct 15 March 1829 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Tenterden |
Viscount Clermont | between 16 September and 17 October 1701 | Middleton | extinct February 1747 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Monmouth |
Viscount Dartford | April 1716 | Villiers | extant | subsidiary title of the Earl of Jersey |
Viscount Winchendon | 22 December 1716 | Wharton | extinct 31 May 1731 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Northumberland |
Viscount Bevel | 6 October 1721 | Granville | dormant 2 July 1776 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Bath |
Viscount Bevel | 3 November 1721 | Granville | extinct 2 July 1776 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Albemarle |
Viscount Goring | 2 January 1722 | Goring | extant | also Baronet Goring, of Burton, co. Sussex (Baronetage of England), regrant 1678 with precedence 14 May 1622 |
[edit] Viscounts in the peerage of Scotland
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Viscount of Rickerton | 17 April 1692 | Drummond | extinct 28 February 1902 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Melfort |
Viscount of Moneydie | 12 April 1698 | Davia | unknown | subsidiary title of the Earl of Almond |
Viscount of Cargill | before 17 October 1701 | Drummond | extant | subsidiary title of the Duke of Perth |
Viscount of Garioch | 22 October 1715 | Erskine | extant | subsidiary title of the Duke of Mar |
Viscount of Glenshie | 1 February 1717 | Murray | extant | subsidiary title of the Duke of Rannoch |
Viscount of The Bass | 4 February 1717 | de Rozas | dormant | subsidiary title of the Duke of St Andrews and Castelblanco |
Viscount of Innerpaphrie | 5 October 1718 | Hay | extinct 1740 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Inverness |
Viscount of Drumcairn | 2 February 1721 | Murray | extant | subsidiary title of the Earl of Dunbar |
Viscount of Stanley | 24 June 1721 | Murray | extant | subsidiary title of the Earl of Nairne |
Viscount of The Aird and Strathglass | 14 March 1740 | Fraser | extinct 8 December 1815 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Fraser |
Viscount of Falkirk | 20 January 1760 | Graeme | extinct 3 January 1773 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Alford |
[edit] Viscounts in the peerage of Ireland
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Viscount Mountcashell | 1 May 1689 | MacCarty | extinct 1 July 1694 | |
Viscount Kenmare | 20 May 1689 | Browne | extinct 1952 | |
Viscount Mount Leinster | 23 August 1689 | Cheevers | extinct 1709 | |
Viscount Cahiravahilla | 1689 or 1690 | Roche | extinct 5 June 1807 | |
Viscount Tully | January 1691 | Sarsfield | extinct 12 May 1719 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Lucan |
Viscount Dillon | 1 February 1717 | Dillon | extant | elevated to Earl Dillon,1721 (q.v.) in the Peerage of Scotland |
Viscount Everard | 20 June 1723 | Everard | extinct 1740 | |
Viscount Breffney | 31 July 1731 | O'Rourke | extinct on the death of the grantee | |
Viscount Breffney | July 1742 | O'Rourke | dormant since the 18th century | |
Viscount Ballymole | 1746 | Lally | extinct 11 March 1830 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Moenmoyne |
Viscount Tallow | 11 October 1746 | O'Brien | extinct before 1789 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Lismore |
[edit] Barons and Lords of Parliament
[edit] Barons in the peerage of England
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baron Liddal of Esk | 21 January 1689 | Graham | extinct 1739 | subsidiary title of Viscount Preston |
Baron Jermyn of Royston | 9 July 1689 | Jermyn | extinct 6 April 1708 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Dover |
Baron Ipswich | 9 July 1689 | Jermyn | extinct 6 April 1708 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Dover |
Baron Cleworth | 7 August 1689 | Drummond | extinct 28 February 1902 | also Earl of Melfort in Scotland, Duke of Melfort from 17 April 1692 and Duke of Perth from 2 July 1800 |
Baron Hales of Emley | 3 May 1692 | Hales | extinct 15 March 1829 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Tenterden |
Baron Romney | 13 January 1696 | FitzJames | extinct 17 December 1702 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Albemarle |
Baron Caryll of Durford | Before 29 January 1698 | Caryll | extinct 1788 | |
Baron Hoo | April 1716 | Villiers | extant | subsidiary title of the Earl of Jersey |
Baron Cottington of Fonthill Gifford | 1717 | Cottington | extinct 1758 | |
Baron ... | 10 November 1717 | Erskine | extinct 16 March 1766 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Mar |
Baron Oglethorpe | 20 December 1717 | Oglethorpe | extinct 1 July 1785 | |
Baron Lansdown | 6 October 1721 | Granville | dormant 2 July 1776 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Bath |
Baron Lansdown of Bideford | 3 November 1721 | Granville | extinct 2 July 1776 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Albemarle |
Baron Bullinghel | 2 January 1722 | Goring | extant | subsidiary title of the Viscount Goring |
Baron Hay | 3 April 1727 | Hay | extinct 1740 | also Earl of Inverness in Scotland, Duke of Inverness from 4 April 1727 |
[edit] Lords of Parliament in the peerage of Scotland
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lord Castlemains and Galston | 17 April 1692 | Drummond | extinct 28 February 1902 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Melfort |
Lord Davia | 12 April 1698 | Davia | unknown | subsidiary title of the Earl of Almond |
Lord Concraig | before 17 October 1701 | Drummond | extant | subsidiary title of the Duke of Perth |
Lord Sempill of Dykehead | 1712 | Sempill | extinct 9 December 1748 | |
Lord Alloa, Ferriton and Forrest | 22 October 1715 | Erskine | extant | subsidiary title of the Duke of Mar |
Lady Clanranald | 28 September 1716 | Mackenzie | extinct 1743 | |
Lord Clanranald | 28 September 1716 | Macdonald of Clanranald | extant | |
Lord MacLeod | 8 December 1716 | MacLeod of MacLeod | extant | |
Lord MacDonnel | 9 December 1716 | MacDonnel of Glengarry | extant | |
Lord Maclean | 17 December 1716 | Maclean | extant | also Baronet, of Morvaren (or Morvern) in the County of Argyll, in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia created on 3 September 1631 |
Lord Sleat | 23 December 1716 | MacDonald | extant | also Baronet Macdonald of Sleat in the Isle of Skye in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia, created 28 May 1625 (Titular "Baron Macdonald of Slate" in the County of Antrim in the Peerage of Ireland, created 1776) |
Lord Strathbran | 1 February 1717 | Murray | extant | subsidiary title of the Duke of Rannoch |
Lord Divron | 4 February 1717 | de Rozas | dormant | subsidiary title of the Duke of St Andrews and Castelblanco |
Lord Mackintosh | 21 January 1721 | Mackintosh of Mackintosh | extant | |
Lord Lochiel | 27 January 1717 | Cameron of Lochiel | extant | |
Lord Cromlix and Erne | 5 October 1718 | Hay | extinct 1740 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Inverness |
Lord Haldykes | 2 February 1721 | Murray | extant | subsidiary title of the Earl of Dunbar |
Lord Grant | 24 June 1721 | Grant of Grant | extant | |
Lord ... | 24 June 1721 | Murray | extant | subsidiary title of the Earl of Nairne |
Lord Fraser of Muchalls | 20 July 1723 | Fraser | extant | from 13 December 1792, this title was inherited by the 3rd Duke of Fraser and upon the extinction of the Duchy of Fraser, 8 December 1815, passed to the 14th Lord Lovat and his heirs. |
Lord Lovat and Beauly | 14 March 1740 | Fraser | extinct 8 December 1815 | subsidiary title of the Duke of Fraser |
Lord Appin | 6 June 1743 | Stewart of Appin | extant | |
Lord Newton | 20 January 1760 | Graeme | extinct 3 January 1773 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Alford |
Lord Oliphant | 1760 | Oliphant of Gask | extinct 1847 |
[edit] Barons in the peerage of Ireland
Title | Date of creation | Surname | Current status | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baron Bourke of Bophin | 2 April 1689 | Bourke | extinct 12 April 1916 | also Earl of Clanricarde from 1702 | |
Baron Nugent of Riverston | 3 April 1689 | Nugent | extant | also Earl of Westmeath from 1839 | |
Baron Castleinch | 1 May 1689 | MacCarty | extinct 1 July 1694 | subsidiary title of the Viscount Mountcashell | |
Baron Fitton of Gawsworth | 1 May 1689 | Fitton | extinct November 1699 | ||
Baron Castlerosse | 20 May 1689 | Browne | extinct 1952 | subsidiary title of the Viscount Kenmare | |
Baron Bannow | 23 August 1689 | Cheevers | extinct 1709 | subsidiary title of the Viscount Mount Leinster | |
Baron Tarbert | 1689 or 1690 | Roche | extinct 5 June 1807 | subsidiary title of the Viscount Cahiravahilla | |
Baron Loughmore | 1690 | Purcell | extant | also Baron of Loughmoe from 1328 | |
Baron Rosberry | January 1691 | Sarsfield | extinct 12 May 1719 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Lucan | |
Baron Hooke of Hooke Castle | 19 February 1708 | Hooke | extinct 20 August 1744 | ||
Baron Redmond | 15 December 1721 | Redmond | extinct before 26 March 1732 | ||
Baron Macmahon | 19 January 1723 | Macmahon | unknown | ||
Baron Castle Lyons | 17 March 1726 | O'Brien | extinct before 1789 | also Earl of Lismore from 11 October 1746 | |
Baron Mountany | 12 April 1726 | Browne | extinct 19 December 1803 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Browne | |
Baron Bourke | 3 February 1727 | Bourke | unknown | ||
Baron Butler | 1 April 1727 | Butler | unknown | ||
Baron O'Rourke | 18 April 1727 | O'Rourke | extinct on the death of the grantee | also Viscount Breffney from 31 July 1731 | |
Baron Crone | 16 February 1728 | Crone | unknown | ||
Baron Carha | July 1742 | O'Rourke | dormant since the 18th century | subsidiary title of the Viscount Breffney | |
Baron Tollendally | 1746 | Lally | extinct 11 March 1830 | subsidiary title of the Earl of Moenmoyne |
[edit] Baronets
[edit] Baronets of England
Surname | Date of creation | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Ashton | 8 November 1692 | unknown | |
Ronchi | 24 July 1715 | unknown | |
Redmond | 20 December 1717 | extinct before 26 March 1732 | also Baron Redmond in the peerage of Ireland from 15 December 1721 |
Ronchi | 5 October 1722 | unknown | |
Connock | 22 February 1732 | unknown | |
Constable | 17 September 1753 | unknown |
[edit] Baronets of Nova Scotia
Surname | Date of creation | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Nairne of Sandfurd | 1719 | extinct after January 1740 | |
MacLeod | 5 September 1723 | extant | |
Robertson of Struan | 1725 | extant | |
Robertson of Fascally | 10 May 1725 | extinct in the 18th century | |
Graeme | 6 September 1726 | extinct 3 January 1773 | also Earl of Alford from 20 January 1760 |
fforester | 31 March 1729 | unknown | |
Ramsay | 23 March 1735 | extinct 6 May 1743 | |
Lumisden | 5 January 1740 | extinct 1751 | |
MacGregor | 14 March 1740 | unknown | |
MacDonnell of Keppoch | 6 June 1743 | dormant since 1838 | |
Hay | 31 January 1747 | unknown | |
Edgar of Keithock | 1759 | extant | |
Hay | 31 December 1766 | extant | |
Stewart | 4 November 1784 | unknown |
[edit] Baronets of Ireland
Surname | Date of creation | Current status | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Lally | 7 July 1707 | extinct 11 March 1830 | also Earl of Moenmoyne from 1746 |
Sherlock | 9 December 1716 | unknown | |
Wogan | June 1719 | unknown | |
Higgins | 6 May 1724 | unknown | |
Sheridan | 17 March 1726 | extinct circa 1747 | |
O'Gara | 2 May 1727 | extinct 1776 | |
Hely | 28 June 1728 | unknown | |
Worth | 12 September 1733 | unknown | |
Forstal | 22 January 1734 | unknown | |
Gaydon | 29 July 1743 | unknown | |
Butler | 23 December 1743 | unknown | |
Warren | 3 November 1746 | extinct 21 June 1775 | |
Rutledge | 23 December 1748 | unknown | |
O'Sullivan | 9 May 1753 | extinct 24 March 1895 |
[edit] Knights of the Garter and Knights of the Thistle
[edit] Knights of the Most Honourable Order of the Garter
[edit] Knights of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle
Source: Ruvigny, The Jacobite Peerage, Edinburgh 1904