Ja'far al-Sadiq

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2007)
Part of a series on the Twelve Imams
Ja'far al-Sadiq
A depiction by a Muslim artist.
A modern depiction
Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Ali
The Sixth Imam
Kunya Abu Abdullah
Birth 17th Rabi' al-awwal 83 AH
≈ 20 April 702 C.E.
Death 25th Shawwal 148 AH
≈ 4 December 765 C.E.
Birthplace Medina
Buried Medina
Life Duration Before Imamate: 41 years
(83 - 114 AH)
Imamate: 34 years
(114 - 148 AH)
Titles al-Sadiq (Arabic: Truthful)
Altinci Ali (Turkish: Sixth Ali)
Father Muhammad al-Baqir
Mother Umm Farwa (Fatimah bint Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr)
Children Musa al-Kazim (Twelver successor)
Isma'il ibn Jafar (Ismaili successor)
Abdullah Al-Aftah, Ishaq, Ali, al-Abbas, Muhammad, Fatimah, Umm Farwah, Asmaa
Ali · Hasan · Husayn

al-Sajjad · al-Baqir · al-Sadiq
al-Kadhim · al-Rida · al-Taqi
al-Hadi · al-Askari · al-Mahdi

Jaʿfar al-Sadiq (in accurate transliteration, Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq; Arabic: جعفر الصادق, in full Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn (702-765 AD) is believed by the Twelver and Ismaili Shi'a Muslims to be the sixth infallible Imam (to [[Nizari, fifth), or spiritual leader and successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[1] He is the last Imam recognized by both Ismaili and Twelver Shi'a sects and the dispute over who was to succeed him led to a division within Shi'a Islam.[1]

Al-Sadiq is said to be highly respected by both Shia and Sunni Muslims for his great Islamic scholarship, pious character, and academic contributions. Although he is perhaps most famous as the founder of Shia fiqh, known as Ja'fari jurisprudence, he had many other accomplishments. As well as being an imam on the shia chain, his presence also graces the Naqshbandi Sufi chain.[1] He was a polymath: an astronomer, alchemist, Imam, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, writer, philosopher, physician, physicist and scientist. He was also the teacher of the famous chemist, Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), and of Abu Hanifa, the founder of the Sunni Madh'hab.

Contents

[edit] Birth and family life

Date of Birth : Approximately: April 20, 702 – December 4, 765), (Seventeenth of Rabi' al-awwal 83 AH – Twenty-fifth of Shawwal 148 AH)
The sun of the existence of Ja'far al-Sadiq arose from the lap of his mother Umm Farwah bint Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr on the 17th of Rabi' al-awwal, 83rd year Hijra, in the city of Medina. Ja'far Al-Sadiq has the same birth date as that of Muhammad. Ja'far Al-Sadiq has three titles; they are As-Sadiq, Al-Fadil, and At-Tahir. His father, Muhammad al-Baqir (the fifth Shi’ah Imam), was much happy and pleased by the birth of his son.

His mother Umm Farwa was the granddaughter of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, who was one of the companions of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the first Shi’ah Imam and the fourth Sunni Caliph). Ali ibn Abi Talib repeatedly said about him that, "Muhammad is my spiritual and moral son." Asma bint Umais was the mother of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, and she was considered to be a pious woman. She was continuously in the service of Fatima Zahra bint Muhammad and took pride in it. After the death of her husband Ja`far bin Abī Tālib in the Battle of Mu'tah, Asma bint Umais married Abu Bakr (the first Sunni Caliph) and after his death, married to Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Ja'far Al-Sadiq said about his mother, "My mother was one of the pious, faithful and devoted women." Ja'far Al-Sadiq was 15 years old when his grandfather Ali ibn Husayn (the fourth Shi’ah Imam) was killed, and he was 34 years old when his father Muhammad al-Baqir was killed. Consequent upon the death of Husayn ibn Ali (the third Shi’ah Imam), the government of Bani Umayyah was shaken which turned the people into their enemy and pessimistic about them. This opened the avenue for the formation of Bani Abbasid government. The gap in between these two powers opened the way for the propagation of Shi’ah ideology and school of thought. Ja'far Al-Sadiq could, through a learning movement, propagate the learning's of Islam in such a way to extend and make it reach all the people in the World.

[edit] Scholarly attainments

As a child, Ja'far Al-Sadiq studied under his grandfather, Ali ibn Husayn. After his grandfather's death, he studied under and accompanied his father, Muhammad al-Baqir, until Muhammad al-Baqir died in 733.

Ja'far Al-Sadiq became well versed in Islamic sciences, including Hadith, Sunnah, and the Quran. In addition to his knowledge of Islamic sciences, Ja'far Al-Sadiq was also an adept in natural sciences, mathematics, philosophy, astronomy, anatomy, alchemy and other subjects.

The foremost Islamic alchemist, Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan, known in Europe as Geber, was Ja'far Al-Sadiq's most prominent student. Ja'far Al-Sadiq was known for his liberal views on learning, and was keen to debate with scholars of different faiths and of different beliefs.

Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man was an Islamic scholar and Jurist. He was a student of Ja'far Al-Sadiq. Abu Hanifa was once asked the question, how old are you? And he replied two; the person asking said you have been around me for more than two years. Abu Hanifa replied "My age is that which I spent under Ja'far Al-Sadiq."[cite this quote]

  • Scholars believed to have studied extensively with Ja'far Al-Sadiq:
  1. Jabir Ibn Hayyan - known in Europe as Geber, a great alchemist.
  2. Musa al-Kazim - his son, the seventh Shi’ah Imam according to the Twelvers
  3. Isma'il ibn Jafar - his son, the seventh Shi'ah Imam according to the Ismaili
  • Sunni scholars who either attended Ja'far Al-Sadiq's lectures or studied with him:
  1. Abu Hanifa - founder of the Hanafi school of thought.
  2. Malik ibn Anas - founder of the Maliki school of thought.
  • Others that attended lectures by Ja'far Al-Sadiq:
  1. Wasil ibn A'ta' - founder of the Mutazilite school of thought.

[edit] Jurisprudence

Ja'far al-Sadiq developed Ja'fari jurisprudence at about the same time its Sunni legal fiqh counterparts were being codified. It was distinguished from Sunni law "on matters regarding inheritance, religious taxes, commerce, and personal status."

[edit] Under the Umayyad rulers

Ja'far Al-Sadiq lived in violent times. Ja'far Al-Sadiq was considered by many followers of Ali ibn Abi Talib to be the sixth Shi'a imam, however, the Shi'ahs were considered heretics and rebels by the Umayyad caliphs. Many of Ja'far Al-Sadiq's relatives had died at the hands of the Umayyad. Shortly after his father's death, Ja'far Al-Sadiq's uncle, Zayd bin Ali led a rebellion against the Umayyads. Ja'far Al-Sadiq did not participate, but many of his kinsmen, including his uncle, were killed, and others were punished by the Umayyad caliph. There were other rebellions during these last years of the Umayyad, before the Abbasids succeeded in grasping the caliphate and establishing the Abbasid dynasty in 750 CE, when Ja'far Al-Sadiq was forty-eight years old.

Many rebel factions tried to convince Ja'far al-Sadiq to support their claims. Ja'far Al-Sadiq evaded their requests without explicitly advancing his own claims. He is said to burned their letters (letters promising him the caliphate) commenting, "This man is not from me and cannot give me what is in the province of Allah". Ja'far Al-Sadiq's prudent silence on his true views is said to have established Taqiyya as a Shi'a doctrine. Taqiyya says that it is acceptable to hide one's true opinions if by revealing them, one put oneself or others in danger.

The incidents and difficulties, which come into human life can, measure and find out the extent of his energy and faith. The difficulties, which cropped up in the life of Ja'far Al-Sadiq and the patience and forbearance, which, he showed towards them, illuminated his personality and worth. Howsoever they (enemies) abused and teased him he showed patience and forbearance and admonished them. He never cursed or used foul language about them.


[edit] Under the Abbasid rulers

The new Abbasid rulers, who had risen to power on the basis of their claim to descent from Muhammad's uncle Abbas, were extremely suspicious of Ja'far, whom many considered to have a better claim to the caliphate. Ja'far was watched closely and, occasionally, imprisoned to cut his ties with his followers. Ja'far endured the persecution patiently and continued his study and writing wherever he found himself.

He died on December 4, 765. Some say that he was poisoned by Al-Mansur, thus becoming a martyr, like the Shi'a imams before him. He is buried in Medina, in the famous Jannat al-Baqi cemetery.

[edit] Succession

After Ja'far Al-Sadiq's death, there arose a major split between the partisans of the Twelvers and the Ismailis. The Ismailis felt that Isma'il ibn Jafar, originally designated by Imam Ja'far was the rightful successor as the 6th imam. On the other hand, the Twelvers believe that Ja'far Al-Sadiq chose his son, Musa al-Kazim, as his successor. The two groups diverged, with Ismailism being the dominant sect until the fall of the Fatimid Empire and the rise of the Safavid Dynasty which subsequently brought Twelverism to split over the world.[citation needed].

[edit] Quotations

1. Whoever attacks a matter without knowledge cuts off his own nose.

2. Intellect is the guide of the believer.

3. The perfection of intellect is in three (things): humbleness for God, good certainty, and silence except for good.

4. Ignorance is in three (things): Arrogance, the intensity of dispute, and the ignorance about God.

5. Certainly, knowledge is a lock and its key is the question.

6. When the believer becomes angry, his anger should not take him out of the truth; and when he becomes satisfied, his satisfaction should not bring him into falsehood.

7. Some manners of the ignorant are: the answer before he hears, the opposition before he understands, and the judgment with what he does not know.

[edit] Anecdotes

Someone once asked Ja'far Al-Sadiq to show him God. The Imam replied, "Look at the sun." The man replied that he could not look at the sun because it was too bright.
Ja'far Al-Sadiq replied: "If you cannot see the created, how can you expect to see the creator?"

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b "Ja'far ibn Muhammad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

[edit] References

  • Muhammed Al-Husain Al-Mudaffar, Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq.
  • Sayyid Mahdi as-Sadr, THE AHLUL-BAYT Ethical Role-Models.
  • Mohammad Hussein il Adeeb, The Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibales.

[edit] External links


Preceded by
Muhammad al-Baqir		 Twelver Imam
743–765		 Succeeded by
Musa al-Kazim
Ismaili Imam
743–765		 Succeeded by
Ismail bin Jafar