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Contents 1 Wiped Content 1.1 Theodor Landscheidt 1.1.1 Landscheidt Minimum 1.1.2 Theodor Landscheidt 1.1.2.1 Awards 2 Successful Edits 2.1 Global Warming 3 ITSONLYSTEAM LOG 3.1 04-25-2008 3.2 04-20-2008 3.3 my links 4 Opinionated and Biased Material 4.1 References 4.2 links 4.3 Wiki Doo 4.4 Wiki Slammed 4.4.1 Global Warming Bias 4.4.2 Statistical Analysis Bias 4.5 Luddites 4.5.1 Wiki Common 4.5.2 Wiki Admin 5 Projects 5.1 Wood Pulp 5.2 History 5.3 Manufacture of wood pulp 5.3.1 Harvesting trees 5.3.2 Preparation for pulping 5.3.3 Pulping 5.3.3.1 Mechanical pulp 5.3.3.2 Chemithermomechanical pulp 5.3.3.3 Chemical pulp 5.3.3.4 Recycled pulp 5.3.4 Bleaching 5.4 Environmental concerns 5.4.1 Forest resources 5.4.2 Effluents from pulp mills 5.4.2.1 NEW "Effluents from pulp mills" 5.5 Alternatives 5.6 References 5.7 See also 5.8 External links

[edit] Wiped Content

[edit] Theodor Landscheidt

[edit] Landscheidt Minimum

Since the 1970’s, climatologist Dr. Theodor Landscheidt showed interest ^[1] in solar science. His interest came primarily from his study of cycle phenomena and as such became interested in solar cycles. ^[2] The sunspot cycle and solar flares were originally studied and even related to the baryocentric motion of the sun caused by the center of gravity changing over time due to the planets movement.

In 1999 Landscheidt looked at Paul Jose’s work , ^[3] from 1965 where the Jovian opposition was related to the baryocentric motion of the Sun. This 179 year cycle came to be known as the Jose Cycle. It was from this analysis that Landscheidt first hypothesized that the Sun would enter Maunder Minimum type conditions in the early 21st century.^[4]

In 2003, Landscheidt published his paper, ‘New Little Ice Age Instead of Global Warming’, ^[5] that refined his study of the sun’s baryocentric motion to the Gleissberg cycle which takes into account all the planets effect on the sun. It is here that he proposed the mechanism by which the motion of the planets affected Solar Activity. He calculated the change in torque on the sun caused by the planets over time and theorized this accelerated and decelerated the solar transport in the solar core which in turn affected the solar activity which manifested itself in sun spots. He theorized the process would start in 1990 and that solar cycle 24 would be of Maunder Minimum character (30 to 50 Wolf number) and a number of solar cycles after with the Deep Minimum occurring in 2030. At this time Climate Scientists which were becoming known as Global Warming Skeptics found the work compelling enough to propose this Minimum be called the Landscheidt Minimum[8].

Work following Landscheidt’s on the baryocentric motion of the sun and its influence on solar activity has been reinforced with work by other scientists [9] [10] including NASA scientist, Ching-Cheh Hung , in his paper “Apparent Relations Between Solar Activity and Solar Tides Caused by the Planets” ^[6] Here, it is proposed that Solar Cycle 24 will be extremely low as well. The connection to Earth’s Climate in Landscheidt’s "Planets => Sun => Earth" ‘physical model’ is the remaining controversy that is not generally accepted in the scientific community. Landscheidt did discuss this issue in a 1998 paper, “Solar Activity : A Dominant Factor in Climate Dynamics”^[7], where he proposed reasons why Solar Irradiance and heat transfer vary with Solar Cycles and cause variation in the Earth’s Climate.

Despite this part of his physical model not being accepted, by using his understanding, he gained notoriety in forecasting ENSO events like El Nino’s and La Nina’s 3 years in advance ^[8] with greater rigor than the composite statistical regression models used by NOAA which have difficulty forecasting 6 months into the future [11].

[edit] Theodor Landscheidt

Theodor Landscheidt (born in 1927 in Bremen, Germany, died on May 20, 2004) was a German judge, astrologer and climatologist. He graduated from Gottingen University in 1955 after studying jurisprudence, astronomy, the natural sciences, philosophy and languages of which he could speak German, English, French, Spanish and a little Russian. After graduation he pursued independent interdisciplinary research into astronomy, geophysics, and solar science.[12]

Dr. Landscheidt forecasted a minimum of solar activity around 2030. Geophysicists-climatologs from different countries have suggested this period would then be identified as "Landscheidt Minimum". Since solar extrema are also assumed to cause climatic extrema, his work on solar cycles is cited by global warming skeptics [13] to argue that observed warming is not anthroprogenic and will soon be reversed.

In 1983 he founded and financed the Schroeter Institute for Research in Cycles of Solar Activity in Lilienthal, near Bremen [14].

[edit] Awards

In 1992 he received an award from the Edward R. Dewey Institute of Cycle Research, California, in recognition of "outstanding accomplishments in the field of Solar Cycle Research", and for "many contributions to the study of solar-terrestrial cycles. [15] Landscheidt also received the Marc Edmund Jones Award which is considered one of the most prestigious awards in astrology. [16]

[edit] Successful Edits

[edit] Global Warming

West Antarctic Ice Sheet

[edit] ITSONLYSTEAM LOG

[edit] 04-25-2008

I see my nemesis and overlord, William Conolley is having a good discussion at Theodor Landscheidt's page. Anyway, maybe I'll stay (couldn't figure out how to delete myself). I thought I'd be personally wiped but here I am. Maybe there is a certain 'community' here and someone like me can exist within it. We'll see. Anyway, I am having more fun on www.solarcycle24.com and www.theglobeandmail.com because they are publishing silly articles again. At the globe I ran into an AGW person who actually wants to discuss concepts. We'll see but it would be fun. I really want to know what Bill (WC) has against the Sun. Growing up on the margins of agriculture, in terms of latitude, and being an engineer, it makes no sense that he can ignore the orb and concentrate on some amorphous gas. However, I also know, that by February 2009, the solar forcing theorists will either be very right (to people like me) or wrong. I've back tracked my investigation and Solar Cycle 24 is it. Everyone who has studied and calculated the Planets=>Sun=>Earth model or even the Jupiter=>Sun=>Earth model agree Solar Cycle 24 is the first 'very low' cycle. The first indication of that is the length of the cycle. There is almost a straight line relationship between the length of the solar cycle and its strength and even though we see sun spot cycles that are tiny now that goes for cycle 23 and cycle 24. So February, 2009 will say a lot about a lot of things and the consequences of things.

[edit] 04-20-2008

That was something my father used to say about the Asphalt Plants that operated on the paving jobs he ran. Being in Grade 4, I had the 'granola bar' teacher and questioned the 'pollution' and he'd say "It's Only Steam". In fact unlike larger industrial facilities, small asphalt plants are regular flue gas emittion violators, typically for particle emmisions ;)

I remember when they locked down wiki because of some rambunctious graffiti, but that was not a problem for me, as I thought that a community this large would regulate that material to the margins. Later I found out my kids may have been part of this activity. Still at this point I enjoyed wiki for what it was and generally trusted the information.

Then I heard that wiki had a bias against certain 'purely technical' viewpoints. When this occured I joined, the day before yesterday. Mistakenly I edited an article without 'logging in', an article which had been shown on the internet to be grossly biased with some information I knew. To my surprise the edit stuck and it is still there. Somehow physical reality won the day even over wiki's myopia. Then I edited an article while 'log'd on' using the information that was contained within it, just expanding and taking the denegrating bias out of what was there and a 'guardian' of the political bias (because it has little technical basis anymore) wiped it and proceeded to lecture me on wiki-rules. Later, I concluded it was not worth the effort of ordering books to satisfy this person's one sided application of the GDFL. I have access to hundreds of computers so I ventured out a little and added some comment to another biased article. It was quickly wiped by a biased admin with a 'graffiti tool' I believe. Anyway, I am left to editing this page and venturing to further corners of wiki to see if 'balance' will stick somewhere. To put it mildly, one of my favorite past times has been destroyed by a group of people who will be proven wrong very soon. I know it will take a while for the bias to conclude its 'death throws' but physical reality will win eventually. Eventually we had to acknowledge were weren't living on a table top, and then that we weren't the center of the Solar System (and Universe), and now we will have to come to terms with cycles that make our influence negligable. Even if we want to use that bias to change things we don't like aesthetically.

In the past 6 months, I've decided to use my 10 year old url and can be found at ...

[edit] my links

http://www.itsonlysteam.com http://vent.itsonlysteam.com http://spill.itsonlysteam.com http://www.youtube.com/itsonlysteam

[edit] Opinionated and Biased Material

According to Wiki Administrators, this material is not up to snuff. :D

[edit] References

[edit] links

• Landscheidt Cycles Research » Papers by Dr Theodor Landscheidt

[edit] Wiki Doo

The articles I was wiped from but you wouldn't want to step in ;)

Global warming controversy

Theodor Landscheidt

[edit] Wiki Slammed

I've been wiped and ruffed up by ...

[edit] Global Warming Bias

• William M. Connoley (statistician)

• Kim Dabelstein Petersen (programmer)

[edit] Statistical Analysis Bias

• William M. Connoley (statistician)

• Kim Dabelstein Petersen (programmer)

[edit] Luddites

[edit] Wiki Common

• FireWeed (Wiki Troll)

[edit] Wiki Admin

[edit] Projects

[edit] Wood Pulp

Wood pulp is a dry fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating the fibers which make up wood. Pulp can be either fluffy or formed into thick sheets. The latter form is used if the pulp must be transported from the pulp mill to a paper mill. Pulp which is shipped and sold as pulp (not processed into paper in the same facility) is referred to as market pulp. When suspended in water the fibers disperse and become more pliable. This pulp suspension can be laid down on a screen to form a sheet of paper, and this is the primary use for wood pulp. Wood pulp is the most common material used to make paper. The timber resources used to make wood pulp are referred to as pulpwood. Wood pulp comes from softwood trees such as spruce, pine, fir, larch and hemlock, and hardwoods such as eucalyptus, aspen and birch.

[edit] History

Using wood to make paper is a fairly recent innovation. In the 1800s, fiber crops such as linen fibres were the primary material source, and paper was a relatively expensive commodity. The use of wood to make pulp for paper began with the development of mechanical pulping in Germany by F.G. Keller in the 1840s^[1]. Chemical processes quickly followed, first with J. Roth's use of sulfurous acid to treat wood, followed by B. Tilghman's US patent on the use of calcium bisulfite, Ca(HSO₃)₂, to pulp wood in 1867.^[2] Almost a decade later the first commercial sulfite pulp mill was built in Sweden. It used magnesium as the counter ion and was based on work by Carl Daniel Ekman. By 1900 sulfite pulping had become the dominant means of producing wood pulp, surpassing mechanical pulping methods. The competing chemical pulping process, the sulfate or kraft process was developed by Carl F. Dahl in 1879 and the first kraft mill started (in Sweden) in 1890.^[2] The invention of the recovery boiler by G.H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s ^[1] allowed kraft mills to recycle almost all of their pulping chemicals. This, along with the ability of the kraft process to accept a wider variety of types of wood and produce stronger fibers ^[3] made the kraft process the dominant pulping process starting in the 1940s.^[2]

Global production of wood pulp in 2006 was 160 million tonnes (175 million tons)^[4]. In the previous year, 57 million tonnes (63 million tons) of market pulp (not made into paper in the same facility) was sold, with Canada being the largest source at 21% of the total, followed by the US at 16%. Chemical pulp made up 93% of market pulp.^[5]

[edit] Manufacture of wood pulp

Main article: Pulp mill

[edit] Harvesting trees

Most pulp mills use good forest management practices in harvesting trees to ensure that they have a sustainable source of raw materials. One of the major complaints about harvesting wood for pulp mills is that it reduces the biodiversity of the harvested forest. Trees raised specifically for pulp production account for 16% of world pulp production, old growth forests 9% and second- and third- and more generation forests account for the balance^[6], . Reforestation is practiced in most areas, so trees are a renewable resource. The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) certifies paper made from trees harvested according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.^[7]

The number of trees consumed depends whether mechanical processes or chemical processes are used. It has been estimated that based on a mixture of softwoods and hardwoods 12 meters (40 ft) tall and 15-20 centimeters (6-8 in) in diameter, it would take an average of 24 trees to produce 0.9 tonne (1 ton) of printing and writing paper, using the kraft process (chemical pulping). Mechanical pulping is about twice as efficient in using trees since almost all of the wood is used to make fiber therefore it takes about 12 trees to make 0.9 tonne (1 ton) of mechanical pulp or newsprint. [17]

[edit] Preparation for pulping

Main article: Woodchipping

Only the heartwood and sapwood are useful for making pulp. Bark contains relatively few useful fibers and is removed and used as fuel to provide steam for use in the pulp mill. Most pulping processes require that the wood be chipped and screened to provide uniform sized chips.

[edit] Pulping

There are a number of different processes which can be used to separate the wood fibers:

[edit] Mechanical pulp

Manufactured grindstones with embedded silicon carbide or aluminum oxide can be used to grind small wood logs called "bolts" to make "stone groundwood" pulp (SGW). If the wood is steamed prior to grinding it is known as "pressure groundwood" pulp (PGW). Most modern mills use chips rather than logs and ridged metal discs called refiner plates instead of grindstones. If the chips are just ground up with the plates, the pulp is called "refiner mechanical" pulp (RMP) and if the chips are steamed while being refined the pulp is called "thermomechanical" pulp (TMP). Steam treatment significantly reduces the total energy needed to make the pulp and decreases the damage (cutting) to fibers. Mechanical pulps are used for products that require less strength, such as newsprint and paperboards.

[edit] Chemithermomechanical pulp

Wood chips can be pretreated with sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfite and other chemical prior to refining with equipment similar to a mechanical mill. The conditions of the chemical treatment are much less vigorous (lower temperature, shorter time, less extreme pH) than in a chemical pulping process since the goal is to make the fibers easier to refine, not to remove lignin as in a fully chemical process. Pulps made using these hybrid processes are known as chemi thermomechanical pulps (CTMP).

[edit] Chemical pulp

Main article: Kraft process

Main article: Sulfite process

Chemical pulp is produced by combining wood chips and chemicals in large vessels known as digesters where heat and the chemicals break down the lignin, which binds the cellulose fibers together, without seriously degrading the [[cellulose fibre}}s. Chemical pulp is used for materials that need to be stronger or combined with mechanical pulps to give a product different characteristics. The kraft process is the dominant chemical pulping method, with sulfite process being second.

[edit] Recycled pulp

Main article: Paper recycling

Pulp can also be made out of waste paper and paperboard. Recycled pulp is most often used to make paperboard, newsprint or sanitary paper.

[edit] Bleaching

Main article: Bleaching of wood pulp

The pulp produced up to this point in the process can be bleached to produce a white paper product. The chemicals used to bleach pulp have been a source of environmental concern, and recently the pulp industry has been using alternatives to chlorine, such as chlorine dioxide, oxygen, ozone and hydrogen peroxide.

[edit] Environmental concerns

The major environmental impacts of producing wood pulp come from its impact on forest sources and from its waste products.

[edit] Forest resources

Main article: Logging

Main article: Plantations#Forestry

The impact of logging to provide the raw material for wood pulp is an area of intense debate. Modern logging practices, using forest management seeks to provide a reliable, renewable source of raw materials for pulp mills. The practice of clear cutting is a particularly sensitive issue since it is a very visible effect of logging. Reforestation, the planting of tree seedlings on logged areas, has also been criticized for decreasing biodiversity because reforested areas are monocultures. Proponents of reforestation and plantations argue that in this respect trees are no different from any other agricultural crop. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp^[6], but is one of the most controversial issues.

[edit] Effluents from pulp mills

Pulp mills are almost always located near large bodies of water because of they require substantial quantites of water for their processes. Delignification of chemical pulps releases considerable amounts of organic material into the environment, particularly into rivers or lakes. The wastewater effluent can also be a major source of pollution, containing lignins from the trees, high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), along with alcohols, chlorates, heavy metals, and chelating agents. Reducing the environmental impact of this effluent is accomplished by closing the loop and recycling the effluent (see black liquor) where possible, as well as employing less damaging agents in the pulping and bleaching processes.

Mechanical pulp is not a major cause for environmental concern since most of the organic material is retained in the pulp, and the chemicals used (hydrogen peroxide and sodium dithionite) produce benign byproducts (water and sodium sulfate (finally), respectively).

Bleaching with chlorine produces large amounts of organochlorine compounds, including dioxins^[8]. Increased public awareness of environmental issues, as evidenced by the formation of organizations like Greenpeace, influenced the pulping industry and governments to address the release of these materials into the environment^[9] . The amount of dioxin has been reduced dramatically by replacing some of all of the chlorine with chlorine dioxide^[10]. The use of elemental chlorine has declined significantly and as of 2005 was used to bleach 19-20% of all kraft pulp^[11]. EFC (elemental chlorine-free) pulping using chlorine dioxide is now the dominant technology worldwide (with the exception of Finland and Sweden where TCF is very important), accounting for 75% of bleached kraft pulp globally^[11]

Chemical pulp mills, especially kraft mills, are energy self-sufficient and very nearly closed cycle with respect to inorganic chemicals.

[edit] NEW "Effluents from pulp mills"

Pulp mills are almost always located near large bodies of water because of they require substantial quantites of water for their processes. Delignification of chemical pulps releases considerable amounts of organic material into the environment, particularly into rivers or lakes. The wastewater effluent can also be a major source of pollution, containing lignins from the trees, high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), along with alcohols, chlorates, heavy metals, and chelating agents. Reducing the environmental impact of this effluent is accomplished by closing the loop and recycling the effluent (see black liquor) where possible, as well as employing less damaging agents in the pulping and bleaching processes.

Mechanical pulp is not a major cause for environmental concern since most of the organic material is retained in the pulp, and the chemicals used (hydrogen peroxide and sodium dithionite) produce benign byproducts (water and sodium sulfate (finally), respectively). However, in order to prevent the 'cycling up' in concentration of chemicals harmful to the process or finished product, some process water is purged into the liquid effluent. This process water is actually relatively high in BOD for a modern pulp mill. Emmissions to the atmosphere are negligable on the other hand.

Bleaching with chlorine produces large amounts of organochlorine compounds, including dioxins^[8]. Increased public awareness of environmental issues, as evidenced by the formation of organizations like Greenpeace, influenced the pulping industry and governments to address the release of these materials into the environment^[12] . The amount of dioxin has been reduced dramatically by replacing some of all of the chlorine with chlorine dioxide^[13]. The use of elemental chlorine has declined significantly and as of 2005 was used to bleach 19-20% of all kraft pulp^[11]. EFC (elemental chlorine-free) pulping using chlorine dioxide is now the dominant technology worldwide (with the exception of Finland and Sweden where TCF is very important), accounting for 75% of bleached kraft pulp globally^[11]

Chemical pulp pills, especially kraft mills, are energy self-sufficient and very nearly closed cycle with respect to inorganic chemicals. Again, these facilities need to purge a certain amount of process water to keep chemicals that are deleterious to the product quality or process from 'cycling up' in concentration. Relatively speaking, chemical 'recovery' pulp mills liquid effluent has a lower BOD per tonne of pulp made. On the other hand the 'recovery' loop where organic material in the black liquor is burned while the chemicals are smelted off the bottom of a boiler and recovered does result in significant flue gas emissions. Recent advances in technology have significantly improved this facet of chemical pulp mills so 'pulp mill towns' no longer have the sulfurous odor. However, the emissions are still substantial (Nitrous Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide, and Total Reduced Sulfur(TRS)compounds)relative to other pulping processes.

[edit] Alternatives

Today, some people and groups advocate using field crop fiber or agricultural residues instead of wood fiber as being more sustainable. However, wood is also a renewable resource, with about 90% of pulp coming from plantations or reforested areas.^[6] Non-wood fiber sources account for about 5-10% of global pulp production, for a variety of reasons, including seasonal availability, problems with chemical recovery, brightness of the pulp etc. ^[14][5]

Research is under way to develop biological pulping, similar to chemical pulping but using certain species of fungi that are able to break down the unwanted lignin, but not the cellulose fibres. This could have major environmental benefits in reducing the pollution associated with chemical pulping.

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Brittle Books Program
• De-inked pulp
• Paper pulp
• Pulp mill
• Pulpwood
• Wood-pulp paper

[edit] External links

• How pulp is made?