Isotopes of ytterbium
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Naturally occurring ytterbium (Yb) is composed of 7 stable isotopes, Yb-168, Yb-170, Yb-171, Yb-172, Yb-173, Yb-174, and Yb-176, with Yb-174 being the most abundant (31.83% natural abundance). 27 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being Yb-169 with a half-life of 32.026 days, Yb-175 with a half-life of 4.185 days, and Yb-166 with a half life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being Yb-169m (t½ 46 seconds).
The isotopes of ytterbium range in atomic weight from 147.9674 u (Yb-148) to 180.9562 u (Yb-181). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, Yb-174 is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before Yb-174 are element 69 (thulium) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 71 (lutetium) isotopes. Of interest to modern quantum optics, the different ytterbium isotopes follow either Bose-Einstein statistics or Fermi-Dirac statistics, leading to interesting behavior in optical lattices.
Standard atomic mass: 173.04(3) u
[edit] Table
| nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excitation energy | |||||||
| 148Yb | 70 | 78 | 147.96742(64)# | 250# ms | 0+ | ||
| 149Yb | 70 | 79 | 148.96404(54)# | 0.7(2) s | (1/2+,3/2+) | ||
| 150Yb | 70 | 80 | 149.95842(43)# | 700# ms [>200 ns] | 0+ | ||
| 151Yb | 70 | 81 | 150.95540(32) | 1.6(5) s | (1/2+) | ||
| 151m1Yb | 750(100)# keV | 1.6(5) s | (11/2-) | ||||
| 151m2Yb | 1790(500)# keV | 2.6(7) µs | 19/2-# | ||||
| 151m3Yb | 2450(500)# keV | 20(1) µs | 27/2-# | ||||
| 152Yb | 70 | 82 | 151.95029(22) | 3.04(6) s | 0+ | ||
| 153Yb | 70 | 83 | 152.94948(21)# | 4.2(2) s | 7/2-# | ||
| 153mYb | 2700(100) keV | 15(1) µs | (27/2-) | ||||
| 154Yb | 70 | 84 | 153.946394(19) | 0.409(2) s | 0+ | ||
| 155Yb | 70 | 85 | 154.945782(18) | 1.793(19) s | (7/2-) | ||
| 156Yb | 70 | 86 | 155.942818(12) | 26.1(7) s | 0+ | ||
| 157Yb | 70 | 87 | 156.942628(11) | 38.6(10) s | 7/2- | ||
| 158Yb | 70 | 88 | 157.939866(9) | 1.49(13) min | 0+ | ||
| 159Yb | 70 | 89 | 158.94005(2) | 1.67(9) min | 5/2(-) | ||
| 160Yb | 70 | 90 | 159.937552(18) | 4.8(2) min | 0+ | ||
| 161Yb | 70 | 91 | 160.937902(17) | 4.2(2) min | 3/2- | ||
| 162Yb | 70 | 92 | 161.935768(17) | 18.87(19) min | 0+ | ||
| 163Yb | 70 | 93 | 162.936334(17) | 11.05(25) min | 3/2- | ||
| 164Yb | 70 | 94 | 163.934489(17) | 75.8(17) min | 0+ | ||
| 165Yb | 70 | 95 | 164.93528(3) | 9.9(3) min | 5/2- | ||
| 166Yb | 70 | 96 | 165.933882(9) | 56.7(1) h | 0+ | ||
| 167Yb | 70 | 97 | 166.934950(5) | 17.5(2) min | 5/2- | ||
| 168Yb | 70 | 98 | 167.933897(5) | STABLE [>130E+12 a] | 0+ | 0.0013(1) | |
| 169Yb | 70 | 99 | 168.935190(5) | 32.026(5) d | 7/2+ | ||
| 169mYb | 24.199(3) keV | 46(2) s | 1/2- | ||||
| 170Yb | 70 | 100 | 169.9347618(26) | STABLE | 0+ | 0.0304(15) | |
| 170mYb | 1258.46(14) keV | 370(15) ns | 4- | ||||
| 171Yb | 70 | 101 | 170.9363258(26) | STABLE | 1/2- | 0.1428(57) | |
| 171m1Yb | 95.282(2) keV | 5.25(24) ms | 7/2+ | ||||
| 171m2Yb | 122.416(2) keV | 265(20) ns | 5/2- | ||||
| 172Yb | 70 | 102 | 171.9363815(26) | STABLE | 0+ | 0.2183(67) | |
| 173Yb | 70 | 103 | 172.9382108(26) | STABLE | 5/2- | 0.1613(27) | |
| 173mYb | 398.9(5) keV | 2.9(1) µs | 1/2- | ||||
| 174Yb | 70 | 104 | 173.9388621(26) | STABLE | 0+ | 0.3183(92) | |
| 175Yb | 70 | 105 | 174.9412765(26) | 4.185(1) d | 7/2- | ||
| 175mYb | 514.865(4) keV | 68.2(3) ms | 1/2- | ||||
| 176Yb | 70 | 106 | 175.9425717(28) | STABLE [>160E+15 a] | 0+ | 0.1276(41) | |
| 176mYb | 1050.0(3) keV | 11.4(3) s | (8)- | ||||
| 177Yb | 70 | 107 | 176.9452608(28) | 1.911(3) h | (9/2+) | ||
| 177mYb | 331.5(3) keV | 6.41(2) s | (1/2-) | ||||
| 178Yb | 70 | 108 | 177.946647(11) | 74(3) min | 0+ | ||
| 179Yb | 70 | 109 | 178.95017(32)# | 8.0(4) min | (1/2-) | ||
| 180Yb | 70 | 110 | 179.95233(43)# | 2.4(5) min | 0+ | ||
| 181Yb | 70 | 111 | 180.95615(43)# | 1# min | 3/2-# | ||
[edit] Notes
- Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
[edit] References
- Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005).
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
| Isotopes of thulium | Isotopes of ytterbium | Isotopes of lutetium |
| Index to isotope pages · Table of nuclides | ||
