Isotopes of phosphorus

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Although phosphorus (P) has multiple isotopes, only one of these isotopes is stable ³¹P; as such, it is considered a monoisotopic element.
Standard atomic mass: 30.973762(2) u

Radioactive isotopes of phosphorus include:

³²P; a beta-emitter (1.71 MeV) with a half-life of 14.3 days which is used routinely in life-science laboratories, primarily to produce radiolabeled DNA and RNA probes, e.g. for use in Northern blots or Southern blots. Because the high energy beta particles produced penetrate skin and corneas, and because any ³²P ingested, inhaled, or absorbed is readily incorporated into bone and nucleic acids, OSHA requires that a lab coat, disposable gloves, and safety glasses or goggles be worn when working with ³²P, and that working directly over an open container be avoided in order to protect the eyes.^{[citation needed]} Monitoring personal, clothing, and surface contamination is also required. In addition, due to the high energy of the beta particles, shielding this radiation with the normally used dense materials (e.g. lead), gives rise to secondary emission of X-rays via a process known as Bremsstrahlung, meaning braking radiation. Therefore shielding must be accomplished with low density materials, e.g. Plexiglas, Lucite, plastic, wood, or water.^[1]
³³P; a beta-emitter (0.25 MeV) with a half-life of 25.4 days. It is used in life-science laboratories in applications in which lower energy beta emissions are advantageous such as DNA sequencing.

1 Table
- 1.1 Notes
2 References
3 External links

[edit] Table

nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	isotopic mass (u)	half-life	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
nuclide symbol	excitation energy			half-life	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
²⁴P	15	9	24.03435(54)#		(1+)#
²⁵P	15	10	25.02026(21)#	<30 ns	(1/2+)#
²⁶P	15	11	26.01178(21)#	43.7(6) ms	(3+)
²⁷P	15	12	26.999230(28)	260(80) ms	1/2+
²⁸P	15	13	27.992315(4)	270.3(5) ms	3+
²⁹P	15	14	28.9818006(6)	4.142(15) s	1/2+
³⁰P	15	15	29.9783138(3)	2.498(4) min	1+
³¹P	15	16	30.97376163(20)	STABLE	1/2+	1.0000
³²P	15	17	31.97390727(20)	14.263(3) d	1+
³³P	15	18	32.9717255(12)	25.34(12) d	1/2+
³⁴P	15	19	33.973636(5)	12.43(8) s	1+
³⁵P	15	20	34.9733141(20)	47.3(7) s	1/2+
³⁶P	15	21	35.978260(14)	5.6(3) s	4-#
³⁷P	15	22	36.97961(4)	2.31(13) s	1/2+#
³⁸P	15	23	37.98416(11)	0.64(14) s
³⁹P	15	24	38.98618(11)	190(50) ms	1/2+#
⁴⁰P	15	25	39.99130(15)	153(8) ms	(2-,3-)
⁴¹P	15	26	40.99434(23)	100(5) ms	1/2+#
⁴²P	15	27	42.00101(48)	48.5(15) ms
⁴³P	15	28	43.00619(104)	36.5(15) ms	1/2+#
⁴⁴P	15	29	44.01299(75)#	18.5(25) ms
⁴⁵P	15	30	45.01922(86)#	8# ms [>200 ns]	1/2+#
⁴⁶P	15	31	46.02738(97)#	4# ms [>200 ns]

[edit] Notes

Values marked # are purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding first digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from FUKIC which use expanded uncertainties.

[edit] References

Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005).
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.