Isle of Man TT
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The Isle of Man TT (Tourist Trophy) Race is a motorcycle racing event held on the Isle of Man since 1907. The race is run in a time-trial format on public roads closed for racing by the provisions of an Act of Tynwald (the parliament of the Isle of Man). The first race was held on Tuesday 28 May 1907 and was called the International Auto-Cycle Tourist Trophy[1]. The event was organised by the Auto-Cycle Club over 10 laps of the St. John's Short Course of 15 miles 1,470 yards for road-legal touring motor-cycles with exhaust silencers, saddles, pedals and mud-guards.
The winner of the single-cylinder class, and overall winner of the first event in 1907, was Charlie Collier riding a Matchless motor-cycle in a time of 4 hours, 8 minutes and 8 seconds at an average race speed of 38.21 mph. The winner of the twin-cylinder class was Rem Fowler riding a Peugeot engined Norton motorcycle in a time of 4 hours 21 minutes and 52 seconds at an average race speed of 36.21 mph.[2]
The trophy presented to Charlie Collier as the winner of the 1907 Isle of Man TT Race, was donated by the Marquis de Mouzilly St. Mars.[3] It featured a silver figurine of the Olympic God Hermes astride a winged wheel. The trophy was similar in design to the Montague Trophy presented to the winner of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy car race.[4] The Marquis de Mouzilly St. Mars Trophy is now presented annually to the winner of the Isle of Man Senior TT Motor-Cycle Race.
The 2007 Isle of Man TT was the Centenary event which ran between 26th May and 8th June 2007 and featured a special Re-enactment of the 1907 Isle of Man TT Race[5] was held on the village green next to Tynwald Hill in St. John's on Monday 28th May 2007.[6] The vintage parade of 100 classic motor-cycles[7] for the Centenary Re-enactment on the original St. John's Short Course was flagged away by former World Motor-Cycle Champion Geoff Duke.[8] The first of the participants to be flagged away was the recently restored twin-cylinder Peugeot-Norton[9] ridden by Rem Fowler during the first Isle of Man TT Race in 1907. Also participating in the 2007 Re-enactment was TT race competitor Guy Martin riding a 1938 Triumph Tiger 100 500cc[10] and other former TT competitors included Alan Cathcart, Sammy Miller, Nick Jefferies and Mick Grant also completed the Re-enactment lap.[11]
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[edit] TT Race History
Motor racing began on the Isle of Man in 1904 with the Gordon Bennett Car Trials and were originally restricted to touring automobiles. As the Motor Car Act 1903 placed a speed restriction of 20 mph on automobiles in the UK, Julian Orde, Secretary of the Automobile Car Club of Britain and Ireland approached the authorities in the Isle of Man for the permission to race automobiles on public roads.[12] The Highways (Light Locomotive) Act 1904 gave permission in the Isle of Man for the 52.15 mile Highlands Course for the 1904 Gordon Bennett Car Trial.
For the 1905 Gordon Bennett Car event it was decided to run a trial for motor-cycles the day after for a team to represent Great Britain in the International Motor-Cycle Cup Races. An accident at Ramsey Hairpin forced-out one of the pre-race favourites and the inability of the motor-cycle competitors to climb the steep Mountain Section of the course forced the organisers to use a 25 mile section of the Gordon Bennett Trial course. This ran from Douglas south to Castletown and then north to Ballacraine along the A3 primary road, but returned to the start at Douglas via Crosby and Glen Vine along the current Snaefell Mountain Course in the reverse direction. The event was won by J S Campbell (Ariel) in 4 hours, 9 minutes and 36 seconds.[13]
During the 1906 International Cup for Motor-Cycles held in Austria, the event was plagued by accusations of cheating and sharp practices. A conversation on the train journey home between the Secretary of the Auto-Cycle Club, Freddie Straight, Charlie Collier and Harry Collier brothers of the Matchless Motor-Cycles and the Marquis de Mouzilly St. Mars led to a suggestion for a race the following year for road touring motor-cycles based on the automobile races held in the Isle of Man on closed public roads. The new race was proposed by the Editor of "The Motor-Cycle" Magazine at the annual dinner of the Auto-Cycle Club held in London on 17 January 1907.[14] It was proposed that the races would run in two classes with single-cylinder machines to average 90 mpg and twin-cylinder machines to average 75 mpg fuel consumption. To emphasise the road touring nature of the motor-cycles there were regulations for saddles, pedals, mudguards and exhaust silencers.
For the 1908 race the fuel consumption was raised to 100 mpg for single-cylinder machines and 80 mpg for twin-cylinder machines and the use of pedals was banned. The race was won by Jack Marshall on a Triumph motor-cycle at an average speed of 40.49 mph. For the 1909 event the fuel consumption regulations was abandoned along with the use of exhaust silencers. The single-cylinder machines were limited to a capacity of 500 cc and the twin-cylinder machines to a 750 cc engine capacity. Due to the concern over increasing lap-speed, the 1910 event saw the capacity of the twin-cylinder machines reduced to 670 cc. However, Harry Bowen riding a BAT twin-cylinder motor-cycle increased the lap record to an average speed of 53.15 mph, later crashing-out of the 1910 event on the wooden banking at Ballacraine.
[edit] Snaefell Mountain Course
The first TT race over the Snaefell Mountain Course or 'Mountain Course' was the 1911 Isle of Man TT Races. This was followed in 1923 with the introduction of the Manx Amateur Motorcycle Road Races - a race originally reserved for amateurs and raced on the same Mountain Course. In 1930 it changed its name to the Manx Grand Prix.
For the 1911 event two separate races were introduced. A four lap Junior TT Race for 300 cc single-cylinder and 340 cc twin cylinder motor-cycles and was the first event on the new course and was contested by 35 entrants. It was won by Percy J. Evans riding a Humber motor-cycle in 3 hours, 37 minutes and 7 seconds at an average speed of 41.45 mph. The Senior TT Race was open for 500 cc single-cylinder and 585 cc twin-cylinder motor-cycles and was contested over 5 laps of the new 37.5 mile Snaefell Mountain Course. The new technical challenges of the Mountain Course forced changes on entrants and motor-cycle manufacturers alike. The American Indian Motor-Cycle factory fitted a two-speed gearbox and chain-drive. This proved to be the winning combination when Oliver Godfrey won the 1911 Isle of Man Senior TT race riding an Indian in 3 hours, 56 minutes and 10 seconds at an average speed of 47.63 mph. In contrast the Matchless motor-cycles were fitted with a six-speed belt drive and Charlie Collier riding a Matchless motor-cycle finished second in the 1911 Senior TT race but was later disqualified for illegal refuelling. During practice for the 1911 race Victor Surridge died after crashing his Rudge motor-cycle at Glen Helen.
For the 1912 event the single and twin cylinder classes were combined with a 350 cc capacity limit for the Junior TT and a 500 cc capacity for motor-cycles for the Senior TT race. In 1913 Major Tommy Loughborough replaced Freddie Straight as secretary of the Auto-Cycle Club and promptly decided to make the races more difficult. The Junior and Senior races were to be run in sections. The Junior TT race was divided into two races of two and four laps and the Senior TT race consisted of a three lap race followed by a four lap race combined with the Junior TT event. In 1914 the Junior TT was reduced to 5 laps and the start-line moved to the top of Bray Hill to increase paddock space of the competitors. The use of crash-helmets was made compulsory. The 1914 Junior TT was held in heavy rain and mist on the Mountain Section of the course and was won by Eric Williams riding an AJS motor-cycle in 4 hours, 6 minutes and 50 seconds at an average speed of 45.58 mph.[15] The race was marred by the death of Frank Walker riding a Royal Enfield motor-cycle who had been leading until a puncture on the third-lap. In the following pursuit of the leaders he fell twice and on the last-lap over-shot the finish line in Ballanard Road and crashed into a wooden barrier placed across the road and posthumously declared a third place finisher by the ACU race committee.[16]
[edit] The 1920s
Motor-Cycle racing in the Isle of Man did not restart after the end of the First World War until 1920. Changes were made to the Mountain Course and competitors now turned left at Cronk-ny-Mona and followed the primary A18 Mountain Road to Governor's Bridge with a new start/finish line on Glencrutchery Road which lengthened the course to 37 ¾ miles.
The 1920 Junior TT Race included for the first time a new Lightweight class for motor-cycles of 250 cc engine capacity. The Lightweight class of the 1920 Junior TT race was won by Ronald Clarke riding a Levis and he may have won the event overall but crashed at the 33rd Milestone on the last lap, finishing fourth overall. The 1921 Senior TT race was won by Howard Davies riding a 350 cc Junior TT AJS by a margin of 2 minutes and 3 seconds from Freddie Dixon and Hubert Le Vack. For 1922 the ACU introduced for 250 cc motor-cycle a Lightweight TT race and the first winner was Geoff S Davison riding a Levis motor-cycle at an average race speed of 49.89. The 1922 Junior TT Race was won by local Isle of Man competitor Tom Sheard riding an AJS motor-cycle at an average race speed of 54.75 mph. Despite crashing twice, a broken exhaust and a fire in the pits, Stanley Woods riding a Cotton managed to finish in 5th place in the 1922 Junior TT Race. In the 1922 Senior TT Race, Alex Bennett riding a Sunbeam motor-cycle led all 6 laps from start to finish to win from Walter Brandish riding a Triumph.
More changes to the course followed in 1923 with the adoption of a private road between Parliament Square and May Hill in Ramsey. The course had previously had negotiated Albert Road and Tower Road in Ramsey and the new course length was now 37.739 miles (revised to 37.733 miles in 1938).[17] Part of the Mountain Course was named 'Brandish' after Walter Brandish crashed at a corner between Creg-ny-Baa and Hillberry and broke a leg. The first Sidecar TT race was held in 1923 over 3 laps (113 miles) and was won by Freddie Dixon and passenger Walter Denny with a special Douglas banking-sidecar average race speed of 53.15 mph. The Senior TT Race of 1923 was held in poor weather and local course knowledge allowed local Isle of Man competitor Tom Sheard riding a Douglas motor-cycle to win his second TT Race to add to his first win in the 1922 Junior TT Race on an AJS motor-cycle. Another first-time winner of a TT race in 1923 was Stanley Woods riding to victory in the Junior TT Race on a Cotton.
In 1924 an Ultra-Lightweight TT Race was introduced for motor-cycles of 175 cc engine capacity following the introduction of a Lightweight TT Race in 1922. The 1924 Ultra-Lightweight TT was allowed to begin with a massed-start for competitors rather than pairs for the normal time-trial format of the Isle of Man TT Races. The first winner of the Ultra-Lightweight TT in 1924 was Jock Porter riding a New Gerrard motor-cycle at average speed of 51.20 mph. The Lightweight TT and the Senior TT Races of 1924 were run in conjunction and Eddie Twemlow (the brother to Ken Twemlow) riding a New Imperial motor-cycle won at an average race speed of 55.44 mph. The Senior TT Race of 1924 like the Junior TT Race of the same year was also run at record breaking pace and was the first with a race average speed over 60 mph and was won by Alec Bennett riding a Norton motor-cycle.
After numerous retirements in 1924, Wal Handley won the 1925 Junior TT Race over 6 laps of the Mountain Course for Rex-Acme motor-cycles at an average speed of 65.02 mph. Later in the week Walter Handley became the first TT rider to win two races in a week when he won the Ultra-Lightweight TT Race again on a Rex-Acme motor-cycle. The 1925 Senior TT Race was sensationally won by Howard Davis while competing against the works teams with a motor-cycle of his own manufacture a HRD Motorcyclesat an average speed of 66.13 mph. Further changes occurred in 1926 with the scrapping of the Side-Car and Ultra-Lightweight TT Races from the lack of entries. Most of the TT Course had now been tarmacced including the section on the A18 Mountain Road. Another change in 1926 was the ban on alcohol based fuels forcing competitors to use road petrol.[18] Despite these changes the prestige of the Isle of Man TT Races had encouraged the Italian motor-cycle manufacturers Bianchi, Garelli and Moto Guzzi to enter. The 1926 Lightweight TT Race produced one of the most notorious events in the history of the Isle of Man TT Races described by the "The Motor-Cycle" Magazine as the "Guzzi Incident."[19] The Italian rider Pietro Ghersi was excluded from second place for using a different sparking-plug in the engine of his Moto Guzzi. The 1926 Senior TT Race produced the first 70 mph lap and was again set by Jimmy Simpson on an AJS motor-cycle in 32 minutes and 9 seconds an average speed of 70.43 mph.
More changes occurred in 1927 with a fatal accident during practice to Archie Birkin a brother to Tim Birkin of the Bentley Boys fame. The corner in Kirk Michael where the accident occurred was renamed Birkin's Bend and from 1928 practice sessions were held on closed-roads. The newly developed 'positive-stop' foot gear-change [20] by Velocette gave Alex Bennett his fifth TT Race win in the 1928 Junior TT Race at an average race speed of 68.65 mph from his team-mate Harold Willis. The 1929 Lightweight TT Race was led for 5 laps by Pietro Ghersi on a Motor Guzzi competing in his first TT race since the disqualification in the 'Guzzi Incident' of 1926. Despite Pietro Ghersi setting the fastest lap at an average speed of 66.63 mph, engine failure gave the win to Syd Crabtree. During the 1929 Senior TT Race a number of riders crashed at Greeba Castle after Wal Handley clipped the hedge and crashed. This included Jimmy Simpson, Jack Amott riding for Rudge and Doug Lamb who later died of his injuries on the way to Nobles Hospital. Charlie Dodson completed a Senior TT double by winning the 1929 Senior TT Race at an average race speed of 72.05 mph.[21]
[edit] TT Racing in the 1930's
The 1930s was a decade which the Isle of Man TT Races became the predominant motor-cycling event in the racing calendar and perhaps seen as the classic-era of racing in the Isle of Man. A number of changes occurred to the Mountain Course during the 1930s with extensive road widening on the A18 Mountain Road and the removal of the hump-back bridge at Ballig for the 1935 racing season in the Isle of Man.
The 1930s produced a number of changes for the Isle of Man TT Races in which the event became more commercialised. The George Formby film No Limit (1936 film) used the 1935 Isle of Man TT races as a backdrop for filming. Also, the 1930s was increasingly used by the motor-cycle manufacturers to show-case their products by racing at the Isle of Man TT Races. As a result, the 1930s produced an increased pace of motor-cycle development with the introduction of over-head camshaft engines, plunger rear-suspension and telescopic front-forks.[22] These technological improvements were played-out by the different British motor-cycle manufacturers such as AJS, Rudge, Sunbeam and Velocette gradually being eclipsed by the pre-eminence of the works Nortons. Increasing interest by foreign manufacturers in the 1930s produced works entries from BMW, DKW, NSU, Bianchi and Moto Guzzi at the Isle of Man TT Races. Increased professionalism by the TT riders during the 1930s was the reason for Stanley Woods parting with Norton motor-cycles, despite the winning of four TT Races in 2 years, over the issue of prize money and joined Husqvarna and later riding for Moto Guzzi and Velocette.
The 1930 Senior TT Race was won by Rudge with Wal Handley becoming the first TT rider to win in all three major TT Race classes and the first lap under 30 minutes of the Mountain Course. The 1931 TT Race meeting was again dominated by the battle between Rudge and Norton motor-cycles. The 1931 Senior TT Race provided Tim Hunt with a popular Junior/Senior double win and also produced the first 80 mph lap by Jimmy Simpson on a Norton motor-cycle. The 1932 TT Race meeting was watched by Prince George, Duke of Kent the first royal visitor to the Isle of Man TT Races. The 1932 Senior TT Race provided Stanley Woods with the "Norton Habit"[23] and another Junior/Senior double win. Also on the first lap Wal Handley riding for Rudge crashed at the 11th Milestone sustaining a back injury and retired, and the place on the TT Course where the incident occurred was renamed Handley's Corner. The 1933 Senior TT Race gave Stanley Woods another Junior/Senior double win and the works Norton's taking the first four places along with Jimmy Simpson, Tim Hunt and Jimmie Guthrie. The 1934 TT Races was another double Junior/Senior win for Jimmie Guthrie and the last TT Race for Jimmy Simpson.
For the 1935 TT Races, Stanley Woods provided another surprise by moving to Moto Guzzi and was a debut event for the Italian Omobono Tenni. The 1935 Senior TT Race produced one of the most dramatic TT races as the Moto Guzzi pit-attendants made preparations for Stanley Woods to refuel on the last-lap went straight through the TT Grandstand area without stopping and went on to win by 4 seconds from Jimmie Guthrie. Despite disqualification during the 1936 Junior TT Race, Jimmie Guthrie won the 1936 Senior TT Race and was revenge for the dramatic defeat the previous year. The 1937 TT Races produced the first foreign winner when the Italian TT Rider, Omobono Tenni won the Lightweight Race, although Jimmie Guthrie was killed a few weeks later while riding for the Norton team during the 1937 German Grand Prix. The 1938 TT Races produced the first German winner when Ewald Kluge won the 1938 Lightweight TT Race and became the first overall European Motor-Cycle Champion for the works DKW team. The 1939 Isle of Man TT Races, the works Norton team did not compete as the Norton factory were changing-over to war production. Although, the 1938 model Norton was provided to Harold Daniell and Freddie Frith to race, the 1939 TT Races provided Stanley Woods with a 10th TT win while riding a Velocette in the Junior TT Race and a well judged first win for Ted Mellors riding a Benelli in the 1939 Lightweight TT Race. The Blue Riband race of the Isle of Man TT Races was won for the first time by a foreign competitor when Georg 'Schorsch' Meier won the 1939 Senior TT Race riding for the factory BMW motor-cycle team. The 1930s was an era when TT winners were allowed to keep the trophies for a year. The 1939 factory BMW motor-cycle that won the 1939 Senior TT Race spent the war-year buried in a field and the Senior Trophy was discovered displayed in a shop in Vienna at the end of the war.
[edit] Post War TT Racing 1947-1959
Motorcycle racing did not return to the Isle of Man and the Mountain Course until September 1946 with the first post-war event the 1946 Manx Grand Prix. For the 1947 Isle of Man TT Races a number of changes occurred to the race schedule with the inclusion of a Clubmans TT Races for Lightweight, Junior and Senior production motor-cycles. The 1949 Isle of Man TT Races was the first event of the inaugural Motorcycle Grand Prix World Championship and Les Graham the first 500 cc World Champion finished 10th in the 1949 Senior TT Race. For the 1951 Isle of Man TT the Ultra-Lightweight TT Race was re-introduced that was won by Cromie McCandless riding a Mondial motor-cycle at an average race speed of 74.84 mph.
From 1947 to 1959 there occurred a number of course changes and improvements. Road widening occurred between the 33rd Milestone and Keppel Gate for the 1947 season and further major changes for the 1954 Isle of Man TT Races with significant alterations to Ballaugh Bridge, Creg-ny-Baa, Signpost Corner and Governor's Bridge.[24] Also the 1954 Isle of Man TT Races was the first year of the Clypse Course, the re-introduction of the Sidecar TT Race and the first ever female competitor, Inge Stoll, to enter an Isle of Man TT Race.[25]
The 1950's may be seen as a decade when the course and race changes the Isle of Man TT Races evolved into the motor-cycle event that occurs today. Perhaps seen as the 'golden-era,' the 1950's for the Isle of Man TT Races mirrored changes in the motor-cycling industry and motor-cycling technology and the increasing globalisation of not only of motor-cycle racing, but also of the motor-cycle industry. As with the 1930's, the period from 1947 to 1959 the dominance of the British motor-cycle industry was gradually eroded by increased European competition. Again throughout the 1950's this was played-out through increased technological change.
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Streamlining began to play an increasing part in the development of racing motorcycles and held out the possibility of radical changes. Notable examples of the direction that development was going were the Moto Guzzi bikes, that used wind tunnel tested streamlined shells that covered the front wheel. The shells contained low slung pannier fuel tanks that were an integral part of a space frame. The main fuel tank was housed just above the horizontal single cylinder engine with a balsa wood dummy tank for the rider to lie on. This kept the centre of gravity very low, giving their machines excellent handling and enabling them to complete the senior and junior TT races without stopping for fuel. Other examples of developments of the time were the Norton kneeler and the NSU flying hammock. The NSU flying hammock was tested at the Nürburgring with the intention of racing in the 125 class but, due to an unfortunate accident that killed the designer, the factory withdrew from racing and used the machine to break speed records.
In 1957, all the TT races were won by fully streamlined machines and a great controversy began about the development of streamline motorcycles and the direction that future designs were going. The old guard wanted to ban streamlined motorcycles to keep them looking like they always had. They argued that streamliners were too fast for the brakes available at the time and were dangerous in bad weather. They also gave all sorts of dubious arguments like 'the rider might be overcome by engine fumes when he was inside or behind the streamlining. The main reason for their opposition was that they thought the public might stay away from race meetings if the machines had the wheels and possibly the rider covered over like a car and did not look like traditional motorcycles. The other side argued that streamliners were safer in accidents both on public road and the track because of the enclosed wheels. As for the argument about their handling in bad weather, the only reason for concern was that most manufacturers, unlike Moto Guzzi had not invested in wind tunnel research to solve the problems of side winds. Moto Guzzi, on the other hand had proven their designs worked in the adverse conditions found on the Isle of Man.
But the argument about the public staying away from race meetings ( i.e. money ) seems to have held more sway with the rule makers than the possible improvements in rider and public safety. The result was the adoption in 1958, of a new set of regulations that has effectively put motorcycle design in a straitjacket, by banning any design that enclosed the wheels or the rider. The consequence was as many of the opponents of these regulations had predicted. Design emphasis would now be on engine power and safety improvements like disc and anti-lock brakes. Moto Guzzi withdrew from racing at the end of 1957 as the regulations had made their machines and investment in wind-tunnels redundant.
The introduction of the Featherbed Frame and the abortive Norton Kneeler concept by the works Norton team it was not sufficient to challenge the multi-cylinder European motor-cycles from Gilera and Moto Guzzi. Financial problems led to the demise of the Norton team and along with other traditional British motor-cycle manufacturers AJS, BSA, Matchless and Velocette and were replaced by European competition from CZ, DKW, Ducati, Mondial, MV Agusta and NSU at the Isle of Man TT Races. By the end of the 1950's, the East Germany motor-cycle firm MZ used the Isle of Man TT Races to improve their Walter Kaaden designed two-stoke technology. The 1959 Isle of Man TT Race was the first race for the fledgling Japanese Honda team when Naomi Taniguchi finished in 6th place in the 1959 125 cc Ultra-Lightweight TT Race on the Clypse Course at an average race speed of 68.29 mph.
Pre-war, the Isle of Man TT Races was seen as the preserve of British, Irish and Commonwealth competitors. This stranglehold was first broken by Omobono Tenni as the first foreign winner in 1937. As the Isle of Man TT Races became a World Championship event in 1949, the post-war period produced race wins from European competitors such as Carlo Ubbiali and Tarquinio Provini. The first New Zealand winner was Rod Coleman in 1954 and first competitor from Southern Rhodesia was Ray Amm when he raced at the 1951 Isle of Man TT Races. Despite a win by Eric Oliver at the first post war Sidecar TT race, this also became dominated by German and Swiss competitors such as Walter Schneider, Fritz Hillebrand, Fritz Scheidegger and Helmut Fath. For the Senior TT Race this was still dominated by new British TT competitors, Geoff Duke winning the 1955 Senior TT Race, John Surtees riding for MV Agusta and Bob McIntyre in the 1957 the Isle of Man TT races were headlined when he recorded the first 100 mph (161 km/h) lap, riding for Gilera motor-cycles.
[edit] TT Racing 1960-present
For the 1960 Isle of Man TT races the Sidecar TT Race returned to the Snaefell Mountain Course for the first-time since 1925, along with the Ultra-Lightweight and Lightweight classes with the abandonment of TT racing on the Clypse Course. A number of changes occurred to the Mountain Course during the 1960's with further road widening at Ballig and at Greeba Castle. 1962 saw the first machine laid and levelled road surface at Braddan Bridge. This was extended throughout the 1960's and continues. Other safety features included the introduction of a safety helicopter for the 1963 Isle of Man TT races and was used for the first-time when Tony Godfrey crashed at the exit to Milntown Cottages during the 1963 Lightweight TT race.[26]
Despite problems with the sidecar class, the winner of the 1960 Sidecar TT race was Helmut Fath riding a BMW outfit at an average speed of 84.40 mph. The 1962 Isle of Man TT races produced the first winner of the newly introduced 50 cc Ultra-Lightweight race when Ernst Degner won the 2-lap race (75.46 miles) for Suzuki at an average speed of 75.12 mph. This was followed with Mitsuo Itoh becoming the first Japanese winner of an Isle of Man TT Race winning the 50 cc Ultra-Lightweight TT race again for Suzuki in 1963. For the Diamond Jubilee race in 1967 the Production TT races were introduced consisting of three races; a 250 cc, a 500 cc, and a 750 cc run at the same time but each having a separate "Le Mans" start at 5 minutes after each other.[27] John Hartle was the winner of the first 750 cc production class at an average race speed of 91.40 mph riding a Triumph Thruxton Bonneville. The 250 cc class was controversial due to the use of racing exhausts by the Bultaco team. In the 1968 Isle of Man TT races the Production race rules were changed. But the changes the winner, and 2nd placed man, of 250 cc Production race were under protest and were excluded for the same offence (using a racing exhaust) but later reinstated on appeal by the R.A.C.because of the lack of an official translation of the law in Spain on the subject of silencing. 1968 was also the last year of the 50 cc Ultra-Lightweight class with Australian Barry Smith winning for Derbi at an average speed of 72.90 mph. The first non-championship event for sidecars not exceeding 750 cc was introduced in 1968 and won by Terry Vinicombe riding a BSA sidecar outfit. The 1969 Production TT races were honoured by the presence of the Duke of Edinburgh as starter. The race went off without any controversy with a new set of rules being strictly enforced and were therefore probably the first really fair production races. The result was a 750 cc race in which Malcolm Uphill twice topped the 100-mph lap on the works Triumph Bonneville and set an average race speed of 99.99 mph. The 500 cc and 250 cc classes provided their own dramas with Graham Penny bringing his 450 cc Honda home first after the leader Tony Dunnell on a three cylinder Kawasaki crashed. The 250 race had a fresh leader on each lap ending with Mike Rogers taking the laurels on his 250 cc Ducati Mach 1 giving Ducati their very first Isle of Man win.
From 1949 to 1976 the race was part of the Motorcycle Grand Prix World Championship and was the home of the British Grand Prix. The event came under increasing scrutiny due to safety concerns despite efforts by the ACU to retain its world championship status. When Italian rider Gilberto Parlotti was killed during the 1972 TT, his close friend and the reigning world champion Giacomo Agostini, announced that he would never again race on the Isle of Man. More riders joined Agostini's boycott and by the 1976 season, only a handful of serious Grand Prix riders were among the entrants. Shortly after the 1976 TT, the FIM made the long-anticipated announcement that the TT, once the most prestigious race on the Grand Prix calendar, was stripped of its world championship status. The Grand Prix action was moved to the UK with the 1977 British Grand Prix being held at Silverstone.
In the early 21st century, the premier TT racing bikes complete the Snaefell course at an average speed exceeding 120 mph (193 km/h). Record holders include David Jefferies who set a lap record of 127.29 mph (204.81 km/h) in 2002. This was surpassed by John McGuinness during the 2004 TT on a Yamaha R1 setting a time of 17 min 43.8 s—an average lap speed of 127.68 mph (205.43 km/h). McGuinness lowered this even further at the 2007 TT, setting a time of 17:21.99 for an average speed of 130.35 mph (209.35 km/h). The most successful rider was Joey Dunlop who won 26 times in various classes from 1977 to 2000.
[edit] Description
The Oxford Companion to World Sports and Games notes,
"The oldest motor-cycle racing circuit still in use is the Snaefell Mountain Course over which the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy races are run. Starting at the town of Douglas on the south-east coast, the course takes a wide sweep to the west and north to enter the town of Ramsey on the north-east coast and thence return to the starting point, each lap measuring 37 3/4 miles (60.7 km) and taking in over 200 bends while climbing from sea level to an altitude of over 1,300 ft (396 m). This circuit is the epitome of the natural road course, all the roads used being ordinary public highways closed for the racing and practice sessions."[28]
Traditionally held in the last week of May and the first week of June, the TT races create a carnival atmosphere. Picnicking crowds flanking the circuit are reminiscent of the community festivals that are part of another form of cycle racing in a different country - Le Tour de France.
During the TT Festival it is difficult to travel across or around the island because of the road closures. There is a TT access road in Douglas that gives access to the centre of the Mountain Course during the event.
The future of the TT is always in doubt with regards to the safety, especially "Mad Sunday" when any member of the public can ride the mountain section of the course which is open one way from Ramsey to Douglas. The TT races are extremely dangerous because of the high speeds on very narrow, twisting streets, roads and lanes flanked by stone walls and even buildings. Between 1907 and 2007 there have been 224 deaths during official practices or races on the Snaefell Mountain Course (this number includes the riders killed during Manx Grand Prix and the Clubman TT races).
[edit] Total overall race winners
| Rider | Wins |
|---|---|
| Joey Dunlop | 26 |
| Mike Hailwood, John McGuinness | 14 |
| Dave Molyneux | 13 |
| Steve Hislop, Phillip McCallen | 11 |
| Giacomo Agostini, Robert Fisher, Stanley Woods | 10 |
| Mick Boddice, David Jefferies, Siegfried Schauzu, Charlie Williams, Dave Saville | 9 |
| Jim Moodie, Chas Mortimer, Phil Read | 8 |
| Mick Grant, Tony Rutter, Bruce Anstey, Ian Lougher | 7 |
| Geoff Duke, Jimmie Guthrie, Jim Redman, John Surtees | 6 |
| Robert Dunlop, Brian Reid, Carlo Ubbiali, Alec Bennett, Nick Crowe | 5 |
| John Williams, Tarquinio Provini, Freddie Frith, Dave Leach, Ray Pickrell, Bill Smith, Walter Handley, Klaus Enders, Jock Taylor, Trevor Ireson | 4 |
| Chris Palmer,Adrian Archibald, Ian Simpson, Simon Beck, Carl Fogarty, Ray Amm, Luigi Taveri, Tom Herron, Bob McIntyre, Tony Jefferies, Alan Jackson, Alex George, Dave Morris, Rob McElnea, Graeme Crosby, Harold Daniell, Phil Mellor, Barry Woodland, Barry Smith, Rolf Steinhausen, Walter Schneider, Max Deubel | 3 |
| Cameron Donald, Ryan Farquhar, Shaun Harris, Iain Duffus, Charlie Collier, Cecil Sandford, Fergus Anderson, Hugh Anderson, Edwin Twemlow, Manliff Barrington, Kel Carruthers, Con Law, Eric Williams, Tom Sheard, Tim Hunt, Malcolm Uphill, Charlie J P Dodson, Howard R Davies, Bill Lomas, Eddie Laycock, Artie Bell, Gary Hocking, John Hartle, Jock A Porter, Trevor Nation, Fritz Hillebrand, Dick Greasley, Lowry Burton, Geoff Bell, Mick Wynn | 2 |
| Ian Hutchinson, Steve Plater, Michael Rutter, Nick Jefferies, Harry A Collier, Harry Reed, Jack Marshall, Rem Fowler, Cromie McCandless, Les Graham, Steve Abbott, Dario Ambrosini, Frank A Applebee, Ivor Arber, Reg Armstrong, Georg Auerbacher, Ross Williams, Peter Williams, Paul Williams, Cyril Williams, Monty Lockwood, Ken Kavanagh, Ray Knight, Ewald Kluge, Georg "Schorsch" Meier, Brian Morrison, Johnny Rea, Oliver Godfrey, H O [Tim] Wood, Frank Whiteway, Cyril G Pullin, Tommy C de la Hay, Fritz Scheidegger, Norman Brown, Trevor Burgess, Ralph Bryans, Roger Burnett, Jack Findlay, Phil Carpenter, Dave Croxford, Graham Penny, Ernst Degner, Mitsuo Itoh, Stuart Graham, Ron Haslam, Bill Simpson, Martyn Sharpe, Keith Martin, Mike Rogers, Omobono Tenni, Florian Camathias | 1 |
[edit] Current lap records
| Category | Rider(s) | Bike | Year | Time | Average speed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outright | John McGuinness | Honda CBR1000RR | 2007 | 17'21.99 | 130.354 miles per hour (209.784 km/h) |
| TT Superbike | Guy Martin | Honda CBR1000RR | 2008 | 17'28.54 | 129.540 miles per hour (208.474 km/h) |
| Junior TT | Bruce Anstey | Suzuki GSX-R600 | 2008 | 18'03.51 | 125.359 miles per hour (201.746 km/h) |
| Senior TT | John McGuinness | Honda CBR1000RR | 2007 | 17'21.99 | 130.354 miles per hour (209.784 km/h) |
| TT Superstock | Bruce Anstey | Suzuki GSX-R1000 | 2007 | 17'37.85 | 128.4 miles per hour (206.6 km/h) |
| Sidecar | Nick Crowe and Daniel Sayle |
LCR Honda 600 Sidecar | 2007 | 19'24.24 | 116.667 miles per hour (187.757 km/h) |
[edit] Trivia
 |
Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines. The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones. |
Tony Pond drove a standard production Rover 827 Vitesse during his second bid to be the first person to lap the Isle of Man TT circuit at an average speed of 100 mph (160 km/h) in a four wheeled vehicle. Tony, an Isle of Man resident and one of Britain's most famous rally drivers, almost made it during his attempt in 1988.[29]
[edit] Miscellany
- Barker, Stuart (2007). 100 One Hundred Years of the TT. EMAP ISBN 1-84605235-1
- Duckworth, Mick (2007). TT 100 - The Authorised History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Racing. Lily Publications ISBN 1-8996067-4
- Harris, Nick (1991). Motocourse History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Races 1907-1989 Hazelton Publishing ISBN 0-905138-71-6
- Mac McDiarmid (2004). The Magic of The TT. A Century of Racing over The Mountain Haynes Publishing. ISBN 1-84425-002-4
- Noyes, Denis (1999) 50 Years Of Moto Grand Prix. Hazelton Publishing Ltd ISBN 1-87455783-7
- Pidcock, Fred & Snelling, Bill (2007) History of the Isle of Man Clubman's TT Races 1947 - 1956. Amulree Publications ISBN 1-90150810-9
- Savage, Mike (1997) TT Heroes. Amulree Publications ISBN 0-95211269-8
- Snelling, Bill (1996). The Tourist Trophy in Old Photographs Collected by Bill Snelling. Sutton Publishing ISBN 1 8401 505 99
- Stroud, Jon (2007). The Little Book of the TT. Green Umbrella Publishing ISBN 1-90582824-1
- Wright, David (2007). 100 Years of the Isle of Man TT Races. A Century of Motorcycle Racing. Crowood Press ISBN 1-861269064
- Wright, David (2006). TT Topics and Tales. Amulree Publications ISBN 10-19015080-99
[edit] Sources
- ^ Official Programme - International Auto-Cycle Tourist Trophy 28th May 1907 pp1-3 The Auto-Cycle Club. Reproduction (2007) Isle of Man Post
- ^ The Motor Cycle dated 5 June 1907 p.445
- ^ Isle of Man TT by Charles Deane pp. 12 (1st Edition)(1975) Patrick Stevens Ltd ISBN 0 85059 172 4
- ^ TT Pioneers by Robert Kelly pp viii The Manx Experience ISBN No 1 873120 61 3
- ^ Isle of Man Centenary TT - ACU/MMCC Official Race Guide pp. 6 Isle of Man Department of Tourism and Leisure (2007) Mannin Media Group Ltd
- ^ Manx Independent pp. 17 dated 25th May 2007 - Isle of Man Newspapers ISSN 1358-4931
- ^ Motor Cycle News pp. 14-15 dated 6th June 2007 EMAP Publications Ltd
- ^ Manx Independent pp. 18-19 dated 1st June 2007 - Isle of Man Newspapers ISSN 1358-4931
- ^ Manx Independent pp 17 dated 25th May 2007 - Isle of Man Newspapers ISSN 1358-4931
- ^ Manx Independent pp19 dated 1st June 2007 - Isle of Man Newspapers
- ^ Manx Independent pp18 dated 1st June 2007 - Isle of Man Newspapers ISSN 1358-4931
- ^ Island Racer 2004 pp 112-113 Mortons Media Group Ltd ISSN 1743-5838
- ^ Island Racer 2005 pp. 64 Mortons Media Group Ltd ISSN 1743-4830
- ^ Isle of Man TT by Charles Deane pp. 10-11 (1st Edition)(1975) Patrick Stevens Ltd ISBN 0 85059 172 4
- ^ Motocourse History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Races 1907-1989 by Nick Harris pp 20 (1990)(1st Edition) Hazelton Publishing ISBN 0-905138-71-6
- ^ TT Special 1953 dated 8 June 1953 pp. 22-23 edited by G.S. Davison
- ^ Official TT Guide 1992 pp 45 Mannin Media Publication/Isle of Man Department of Tourism
- ^ Motocourse History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Races 1907-1989 by Nick Harris pp. 30-31 (1990)(1st Edition) Hazelton Publishing ISBN 0-905138-71-6
- ^ Italian Racing Motor-Cycles by Mick Walker pp. 146 Redline Books Ltd 1999 ISBN 09531311 14
- ^ The Tourist Trophy in Old Photographs Collected by Bill Snelling. pp. 38 Sutton Publishing ISBN 1 8401 505 99
- ^ Motocourse History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Races 1907-1989 by Nick Harris pp. 34-35 (1990)(1st Edition) Hazelton Publishing ISBN 0-905138-71-6
- ^ Motocourse History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Races 1907-1989 by Nick Harris pp. 36-37 (1990)(1st Edition) Hazelton Publishing ISBN 0-905138-71-6
- ^ Pictorial History of Norton Motor-Cycles by J.S. Reynolds London. Temple Press / National Motorcycle Museum. (1985) pp. 32 ISBN 060035170X
- ^ Isle of Man Weekly Times dated 22 May 1954
- ^ Isle of Man Weekly Times dated 22 May 1954
- ^ TT 100 - The Authorised History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Racing by Mick Duckworth pp. 34 (2007){1st Edition) Lily Publications ISBN 1-8996067-4
- ^ Motocourse History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Races 1907-1989 by Nick Harris pp. 135 (1990)(1st Edition) Hazelton Publishing ISBN 0-905138-71-6
- ^ The Oxford Companion to Sports and Games Edited by John Arlott Oxford University Press (1975) pp. 669 ISBN 0 19 211538 3
- ^ Manx Independent pp. 18 dated 16 June 1988
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
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