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Iran, (Persian: ايران, Īrān; pronunciation: [iːˈɾɒn]), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ايران, transliteration: Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān), formerly known internationally as Persia, is a Southwest Asian country located in the geographical territories of the Middle East, Central Asia and the Caucasus. The 18th largest country in the world, Iran is approximately the size of the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Germany combined and has a population of over 70 million people. Iran borders Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and Turkey and Iraq to the west. In addition, it borders the Persian Gulf, an important oil-producing area, and the Caspian sea. Shi'a Islam is the official state religion and Persian the official language. The political system of Iran comprises several intricately connected governing bodies and is based on the 1979 Constitution. The highest state authority is the Supreme Leader, currently served by Ali Khamenei.
Iran has one of the oldest histories in the world, extending nearly 6,000 years, and throughout history, Iran has been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia. Iran is a founding member of the UN, NAM, OIC, OPEC, and ECO. Iran as a regional power occupies an important position in the world economy due to its substantial reserves of petroleum and natural gas, and has considerable regional influence in Southwest Asia. Iran is also one of the few states that comprise the cradle of civilization. The name Iran is a cognate of Aryan and literally means "Land of the Aryans."
The Iranian peoples (Old Iranian: Arya, Middle Iranian: Eran, Modern Iranian languages: Modern Persian: Iraniyan or Irani-ha, Kurdish: Êraniyekan or gelên Êranî) are a collection of ethnic groups defined by their usage of Iranian languages and their descent from ancient Iranian peoples. The Iranian peoples live chiefly in the Middle East, Central Asia, the Caucasus and parts of the South Asia, though speakers of Iranian languages were once found throughout Eurasia, from the Balkans to western China. As Iranian peoples are not confined to the borders of the current state of Iran, the term Iranic peoples is sometimes used to avoid confusion with the citizens of Iran.
The Iranian peoples have played an important role throughout history: the Achaemenid Persians established one of the world's first multi-national states and the Scythian-Sarmatian nomads dominated the vast expanses of Russia and western Siberia for centuries with a group of Sarmatian warrior women possibly being the inspiration for the Greek legend of the Amazons. In addition, the various religions of the Iranian peoples, including Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism, are believed by some scholars to be important early philosophical influences on Judeo-Christianity.[1] Early Iranian tribes were the ancestors of many peoples, including the Persians, Kurds, Pashtuns and many other smaller groups. The southern Iranian peoples survived Alexander the Great's conquests, Muslim Arab attempts at cultural dominance and devastating assaults by the Mongols, whereas the Iranians of the north were largely assimilated by the Slavs and other European peoples.
References
- ^ Runciman, Steven (1982). The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28926-2.
- ... that the word Iran means 'The Land of the Aryans'?
- ... that the Behistun Inscription is Old Persian's equivalent of the Rosetta Stone?
- ... that Mashhad is the second largest holy city in the world and Imam Reza shrine is visited by over than 20 million pilgrims every year?
- ... that Astan Quds Razavi is considered as the most long-lasting organization which exists since about 1200 years ago?
- ... that the oldest traces of wine found in Iran date to over 7000 years ago?
- ... that the first Iranian empire, that of the Medes, was established over 3000 years ago?
- ... that the Persian language is one of the oldest languages in continuous use?
- ... that the notions of heaven and hell are already alluded to in the teachings of Zarathustra?
- ... that several world religions - including Zoroastrianism and the Bahá'í Faith - originated in Iran?
- ... that Persians first dug up the Suez canal?
- ... that ice cream was likely invented in Iran?
- ... that the peach, pomegranate and pistachio were first cultivated in Iran?
- ... that the first known electric battery was invented by the Parthians, an Iranian people?
- ... that the words cheque, caviar, caravan, tulip, algorithm, chess, checkmate, jasmine, Navy, Paradise and pajamas all have a Persian language roots?
- ... that Iranians/Afghans (in western Afghanistan) invented the wind mill and maybe alcohol?
- ... that the Milad tower in Tehran is the tallest tower in the middle east and the 4th tallest tower in the world?
- ... that Iran is still the home of the biggest Jew population in whole Asia continent (outside Israel), and there are reserved seats for Christian and Jewish MPs in the Iranian parliament?
- 15 January 2008: Bush urges OPEC to raise output whilst in Saudi Arabia
- 15 January 2008: US to sell precision-guided bombs to Saudi Arabia
- 14 January 2008: George Bush arrives in Saudi Arabia as part of his Middle East visit
- 9 January 2008: George Bush arrives in Middle East * 9 January 2008: Pentagon releases video of incident involving Iranian ships in Persian Gulf
- 9 January 2008: Shimon Peres discusses the future of Israel
- 18 December 2007: Russia makes first nuclear fuel shipments to Iran
- 4 December 2007: US: Iran nuclear weapons initiative ended in 2003
- 20 November 2007: Chávez warns oil prices could double if US invades Iran
- 14 November 2007: Iran reveals nuclear designs to IAEA
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نام نیکو گر بماند ز آدمی
به کزو ماند سرای زرنگار
Saadi
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