IQ and Global Inequality

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

IQ and Global Inequality is a controversial 2006 book by Dr. Richard Lynn, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, and Dr. Tatu Vanhanen, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.^[1] IQ and Global Inequality is follow-up to their 2002 book IQ and the Wealth of Nations^[2], an expansion of the argument that international differences in current economic development are due in part to differences in average national intelligence as measured by average national IQ, and a response to critics. Unlike IQ and the Wealth of Nations, the book was not published by an academic publisher but by Washington Summit Publishers.

Lynn and Vanhanen's research on IQ and economic development has attracted academic attention from several fields, some of it very enthusiastic, some dismissive.^[3][4][5][6]

Contents 1 Summary 2 National IQ and economic development 2.1 Quality of human conditions index 2.2 Other measures of global inequality 2.3 Latitude and temperature 3 National IQ and QHC values 4 See also 5 External Links 6 References

[edit] Summary

Chapter 1 summarizes theories of economic growth.
Chapter 2 defines and describes intelligence.
Chapter 3 argues that the scientific literature indicates that intelligence is a determinant of incomes and related phenomena among individuals within a number of countries.
Chapter 4 describes the collection and determination of national IQ, presenting calculated IQs for 113 countries and estimated IQs for an additional 79 countries. This represents all countries with population greater than 40,000.
Chapter 5 introduces a new statistic, the quality of human condition index (QHC) and 12 alternative variables that measure human conditions.
Chapter 7 focuses on the relationship between national IQ and QHC, which Lynn and Vanhanen report to be strongly correlated.
Chapter 8 examines the relationship between national IQ and 12 alternative variables, which Lynn and Vanhanen report are also correlated with national IQ.
Chapter 9 discusses the genetic and environmental contributions to differences in national intelligence, and argues that racial composition of the population is a major factor.
Chapter 10 considers the causal relationship between national IQ and important variables related to global inequality.
Chapter 11 discusses and responds to criticisms made to Lynn and Vanhanen's theory by reviewers.
Chapter 12 summarizes the book and discusses policy recommendations.

[edit] National IQ and economic development

[edit] Quality of human conditions index

The quality of human conditions (QHC) index was computed from five variables.

1. purchasing power parity Gross National Income (PPP-GNI) per capita 2002
2. adult literacy rate 2002
3. gross tertiary enrollment ratio
4. life expectancy at birth 2002
5. the level of democratization 2002 (Tatu Vanhanen's Index of Democratization)

Values of the index range from 10.7 (Burkina Faso) to 89 (Norway). Lynn and Vanhanen write that they would have preferred to include a sixth measure, an indicator of income inequality, but that statistical data for that variable was not available for all countries. They write that the QHC index differs significantly from other widely used indexes (such as the Human Development Index) in that QHC also measures democratization. Some of their claims have been received support in a 2007 study by Rindermann.^[7]

All countries	Estimate IQ (79 countries)	Total (192 countries)
QHC	0.805	0.725	0.791
PPP GNI per capita 2002	0.693	0.342	0.616
Adult literacy rate 2002	0.642	0.655	0.655
Tertiary enrollment ratio	0.746	0.699	0.745
Life expectancy at birth 2002	0.765	0.690	0.750
Index of Democratization 2002	0.569	0.322	0.530
Excluding smallest countries	Calculated IQ (98 countries)	Estimate IQ (62 countries)	Total (160 countries)
QHC	0.846	0.800	0.839
PPP GNI per capita 2002	0.739	0.266	0.649
Adult literacy rate 2002	0.710	0.746	0.733
Tertiary enrollment ratio	0.778	0.734	0.780
Life expectancy at birth 2002	0.833	0.753	0.817
Index of Democratization 2002	0.598	0.408	0.584

[edit] Other measures of global inequality

The relationship of national IQ to twelve other measures of global inequality were examined. Human Development Index (HDI) Gender-related Development Index (GDI) Economic growth rate (EGR) Gini index of inequality in income or consumption (Gini) Population below $2 a day international poverty line (Poverty) Measures of undernourishment (PUN) Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR) Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) Economic freedom ratings (EFR) the Index of Economic Freedom (IEF) Population pyramids (MU-index) Human happiness and life-satisfaction. All twelve measures of global inequality are significantly correlated with the QHC index. According to the book, eleven of the twelve measures are significantly correlated with national IQ. The measures of human happiness and life satisfaction are not significantly correlated with national IQ.

Correlations IQ QHC HDI 0.776 0.940 GDI 0.849 0.951 EGR 3 0.747 0.840 EGR 4 0.709 0.871 Gini -0.538 -0.464 Poverty -0.653 -0.799 PUN 1 -0.500 -0.648 MMR -0.730 -0.759 IMR -0.771 -0.861 CPI 0.591 0.762 EFR 0.606 0.674 IEF 0.418 0.620 MU-index 0.806 0.902 Happiness 0.029 0.315 Life satisfaction 0.033 0.396

[edit] Latitude and temperature

Correlation	Latitude	Temperature
Degrees latitude	1	-0.885
Annual mean temperature	-0.885	1
National IQ	0.677	-0.632
QHC	0.659	-0.562
PPP GNI per capita 2002	0.528	-0.407
Adult literacy rate 2002	0.482	-0.467
Tertiary enrollment ratio	0.718	-0.649
Life expectancy at birth 2002	0.505	-0.379
Index of Democratization 2002	0.512	-0.460

[edit] National IQ and QHC values

Country	IQ (2002)[2]	IQ (2006)[1]	PPP-GNI per capita 2002[1]	QHC[1]
Hong Kong	107	108	27,490	60.8
Singapore	103	108	23,730	60.7
North Korea	105*	106*	1,000	38
South Korea	106	106	16,960	75.4
Japan	105	105	27,380	71.4
People's Republic of China	100	105	4,520	39.7
Taiwan	104	105	23,400	79.4
Slovenia	101	103	18,480	72.4
Serbia	99*	103	6,560	53.8
Italy	102	102	26,170	78.9
Iceland	98*	101	29,240	80
Mongolia	98*	101*	1,710	48.1
Switzerland	101	101	31,840	82.2
Austria	102	100	28,910	80.7
Luxembourg	101*	100*	53,230	76.4
Netherlands	102	100	28,350	82.8
Norway	98	100	36,690	89
United Kingdom	100	100	26,580	76.7
Belgium	100	99	28,130	84.1
Canada	97	99	28,930	77.8
Estonia	97*	99	11,630	64.5
Finland	97	99	26,160	85.1
Germany	102	99	26,980	78
New Zealand	100	99	20,550	76.2
Poland	99	99	10,450	62.7
Sweden	101	99	25,820	82.9
Andorra	N/A	98*	19,000	58.7
Australia	98	98	27,440	82.8
Czech Republic	97	98	14,920	64.5
Denmark	98	98	30,600	85.4
France	98	98	27,040	78.1
Hungary	99	98	13,070	64.1
Latvia	97*	98*	9,190	65.5
Spain	97	98	21,910	75.8
United States	98	98	36,120	86.6
Belarus	96*	97*	5,500	57.2
Malta	95*	97	17,710	66.4
Russia	96	97	8,080	64.5
Ukraine	96*	97*	4,800	61.8
Moldova	95*	96*	1,600	46.2
Slovakia	96	96	12,590	63.2
Uruguay	96	96	7,710	64
Israel	94	95	19,000	75.3
Portugal	95	95	17,820	67
Armenia	93*	94*	3,230	50.2
Georgia	93*	94*	2,270	51.2
Kazakhstan	93*	94*	5,630	49
Romania	94	94	6,490	53
Vietnam	96*	94	2,300	39.5
Argentina	96	93	10,190	64.7
Bulgaria	93	93	7,030	59.1
Greece	92	92	18,770	76.1
Malaysia	92	92	29,570	78.5
Ireland	93	92	8,500	52.1
Brunei	92*	91*	19,210	50.8
Cambodia	89*	91*	1,970	28.6
Cyprus	92*	91*	18,650	67.6
Lithuania	97*	91	10,190	65.4
Republic of Macedonia	93*	91*	6,420	54.4
Thailand	91	91	6,890	50.3
Albania	90*	90*	4,960	51.2
Bermuda	N/A	90	36,000	75.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	N/A	90*	5,800	51.4
Chile	93*	90	9,420	59.5
Croatia	90	90	10,000	61.7
Kyrgyzstan	87*	90*	1,560	48.1
Turkey	90	90	6,300	50.2
Mexico	87	90	12,500	52.9
Cook Islands	N/A	89	5,000	45.7
Costa Rica	91*	89*	8,650	53.7
Laos	89*	89	1,660	24.9
Mauritius	81*	89	10,820	52.2
Suriname	89	89	6,590	50.6
Ecuador	80	88	3,340	47.4
Samoa	87	88	5,570	49.7
Azerbaijan	87*	87*	3,010	47.2
Bolivia	85*	87	2,390	49.7
Brazil	87	87	7,450	51.1
East Timor	N/A	87*	3,940	46.7
Guyana	84*	87*	3,070	40.2
Indonesia	89	87	1,600	28.1
Iraq	87	87	1,027	30.7
Myanmar	86*	87*	930	42.4
Tajikistan	87*	87*	1,640	27.5
Turkmenistan	87*	87*	4,780	41.7
Uzbekistan	87*	87*	1,640	39.4
Kuwait	83*	86	17,780	49.9
Philippines	86	86	4,450	51.6
Seychelles	81*	86*	18,232	60.6
Tonga	87	86	6,820	40.5
Cuba	85	85	5,259	46.2
Fiji	84	85	5,330	51.9
Kiribati	84*	85*	800	37.1
New Caledonia	N/A	85	21,960	54.9
Peru	90	85	4,880	49.2
Trinidad and Tobago	80*	85*	9,000	52
Yemen	83*	85	800	24.5
Afghanistan	83*	84*	700	13.2
Belize	83*	84*	15,960	56.1
Colombia	88	84	5,490	44.2
Federated States of Micronesia	84*	84*	6,150	48.4
Iran	84	84	6,690	40.2
Jordan	87*	84	4,180	43.4
Marshall Islands	84	84	1,600	44.2
Morocco	85	84	2,000	39.9
Pakistan	81*	84	3,730	31.7
Panama	84*	84*	1,960	26.2
Paraguay	85*	84	6,060	56.6
Puerto Rico	84	84	4,590	45.2
Saudi Arabia	83*	84*	15,800	63.6
Solomon Islands	84*	84*	12,660	44.1
The Bahamas	78*	84*	1,590	41.5
United Arab Emirates	83*	84*	24,030	48.8
Vanuatu	84*	84*	2,850	31.4
Venezuela	88*	84	5,220	47.4
Algeria	84*	83*	5,530	39.9
Bahrain	83*	83*	16,190	49.3
Libya	84*	83*	7,570	49.3
Oman	83*	83*	13,000	40.6
Papua New Guinea	84*	83	2,180	38.4
Syria	87*	83	5,348	38.9
Tunisia	84*	83*	6,440	40.6
Bangladesh	81*	82*	1,720	29.8
Dominican Republic	84*	82	6,270	46.8
India	81	82	2,650	36.3
Lebanon	86	82	4,600	55.8
Madagascar	79*	82	730	28.6
Egypt	83	81	3,810	37.3
Honduras	84*	81	2,540	41.9
Maldives	81*	81*	4,798	38.5
Nicaragua	84*	81*	2,350	41.3
Northern Mariana Islands	N/A	81	12,500	51.3
Barbados	78	80	14,660	60.9
Bhutan	78*	80*	1,969	24.1
El Salvador	84*	80*	4,790	42.6
Guatemala	79	79	4,040	34.6
Sri Lanka	81*	79	3,510	47.7
Nepal	78	78	1,370	26.9
Qatar	78	78	19,844	45.6
Comoros	79*	77*	1,640	24.6
Cape Verde	78*	76*	4,920	40.5
Mauritania	73*	76*	1,790	20.5
Uganda	73	73	1,360	25.4
Kenya	72	72	1,010	27.3
South Africa	72	72	9,810	38.3
Tanzania	72	72	580	23.2
Ghana	71	71	2,080	33.7
Grenada	75*	71*	6,600	45.3
Jamaica	72	71	3,680	46.5
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	75*	71	5,190	48.4
Sudan	72	71	1,740	24.6
Zambia	77	71	800	21.8
Antigua and Barbuda	75*	70*	10,390	53.2
Benin	69*	70*	1,060	20.5
Botswana	72*	70*	7,740	29.4
Namibia	72*	70*	6,880	31.1
Rwanda	70*	70*	1,260	18.5
Togo	69*	70*	1,450	26
Burundi	70*	69*	630	15.2
Côte d'Ivoire	71*	69*	1,450	18.1
Malawi	71*	69*	570	24.3
Mali	68*	69*	840	13.4
Niger	67*	69*	800	13.5
Nigeria	67	69	800	27.3
Angola	69*	68*	1,840	13.7
Burkina Faso	66*	68*	1,090	10.7
Chad	72*	68*	1,010	20.4
Djibouti	68*	68*	2,040	22
Eritrea	68*	68*	1,040	21.4
Somalia	68*	68*	500	15.2
Swaziland	72*	68*	4,730	22.2
Dominica	75*	67	4,960	48.8
Guinea	63	67	2,060	22.5
Guinea-Bissau	63*	67*	680	20.3
Haiti	72*	67*	1,610	20.4
Lesotho	72*	67*	2,970	24.3
Liberia	64*	67*	1,000	21.2
Saint Kitts and Nevis	75*	67*	10,750	45.5
São Tomé and Príncipe	59*	67*	1,317	37.9
Senegal	64*	66*	1,660	20.7
The Gambia	64*	66*	1,540	21.3
Zimbabwe	66	66	2,180	25.2
Republic of the Congo	73	65	630	17.9
Cameroon	70*	64	1,910	23.1
Central African Republic	68*	64	1,170	19.1
Democratic Republic of the Congo	65	64	700	26.9
Ethiopia	63	64	780	16.7
Gabon	66*	64*	5,530	32.2
Mozambique	72*	64	990	18
Sierra Leone	64	64	500	13.8
Saint Lucia	75*	62	4,950	51.1
Equatorial Guinea	59	59	9,100	30.4
"*" Denotes estimated National IQ PPP-GNI = purchasing power parity gross national income. QHC = is a composite index called quality of human conditions.

[edit] See also

Book's Publisher

• Washington Summit Publishers

Theories of Race and Intelligence:

• Cattell Culture Fair III
• Evolution of human intelligence
• Flynn effect
• Fluid and crystallized intelligence
• General intelligence factor
• Gini coefficient
• Hominid intelligence
• Intelligence and public policy
• Race and intelligence

Publications of Race and Intelligence:

• IQ and the Wealth of Nations
• IQ and Global Inequality
• The Mismeasure of Man
• Race Differences in Intelligence

Theories of other Intelligence links:

• Brain to body mass ratio
• Height and intelligence
• Neuroscience and intelligence
• Sex and intelligence

[edit] External Links

• Lynns posting of a favorable review that characterizes the 006 work as a reply to criticisms of their earlier results

[edit] References

v • d • e Lists of countries with rankings Geography Area • Coastline • Coast/area ratio • Exclusive Economic Zone • Number of neighbouring countries • Highest point • Lowest point • Northernmost point • Southernmost point Demographics Population (graphical • by density) • Population growth • Human Development Index • Life expectancy • Infant mortality • Fertility • Birth rate • Death rate • Sex ratio • Homicides • Income equality • Literacy • National IQ • HIV/AIDS • Unemployment • Employment • Labour force • Poverty • Immigrant population • Suicides (OECD) • Undernourishment • Firearm-related deaths • Gun ownership GDP Nominal (per capita) • PPP (per capita • per hour) • Past (nominal • PPP) • Future (nominal • PPP • PPP per capita) • GNI per capita • Growth (real • real per capita) • Sector composition • Demographics comparison Finances Current account balance • Foreign exchange reserves • Foreign Direct Investment • Debt (External, Public) • Imports • Exports (per capita) Energy Industry Energy ( consumption • production • intensity) • Natural gas ( consumption • production • reserves • imports • exports) • Oil ( consumption • production • reserves • imports • exports) • Coal ( production • reserves) • Nuclear power • Uranium reserves • Renewable energy ( Hydropower) • Iron production • Steel production • Aluminium production • Zinc production • Automobile production • Industrial growth Agriculture Fishing • Milk production • Crops production ( Fruits • Sugar cane • Maize • Wheat • Rice • Potatoes • Sugar beet • Soybean • Barley ) Politics Society Freedom • Press freedom • Privacy • Perception of corruption • Bribe paying • Property rights • Economic freedom • Democracy • Globalization • Ease of doing business • Economic competitiveness • Date of formation • Legal drinking age • School leaving age • Abortion law • Homosexuality laws • Death penalty • Quality-of-life • Failed States • Student performance Sports Olympics ( medals • hosts) • FIFA World Cup ( winners • hosts) • FIFA World Rankings • Ice Hockey World Championship Military Size of armed forces • Number of active troops • Military expenditures • Possession of nuclear weapons • Exports of arms • UN peacekeepers currently deployed • Global Peace Index Communication Telephone lines • Television sets • Mobile phones • Internet users ( Broadband)  • E-readiness Transport Waterways • Merchant marine • Railways • Rail usage • Rapid transit systems • Roadways ( OECD)  • Vehicles • Road fatalities • Airports Tourism Tourist visits • World Heritage Sites Environment Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita) • Greenhouse gas emissions per capita • GDP per emissions • Sustainability • Environmental Performance • Happy Planet Index