Ipswich Museum
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(photo 2007)
Ipswich Museum is a registered museum of culture, history and natural heritage located in Ipswich, the County Town of the English county of Suffolk. It was historically the leading regional museum in Suffolk, housing collections drawn from both the former counties of East Suffolk and West Suffolk, which were amalgamated in 1974.
The original foundation of 1846, devoted primarily to Natural History, was moved to new premises in High Street in 1881. In about 1895 Christchurch Mansion, a large 16th century house near the town centre in Christchurch Park, was given to the town. It was developed as a second venue under the same management and curatorship, devoted particularly to fine and decorative arts. Both are parts of one institution and draw on the same central core of collections.
[edit] Merger with Colchester Museum Service, 2007
On 1 April 2007 the Ipswich Borough Council Museums Service was merged with that of Colchester Borough Council (Essex), and its staff transferred to the employment of Colchester. The building and collections, however, remain the property of the town of Ipswich. Ipswich Borough will be responsible for 50% of funding.[1]
From the late 1990s Ipswich Museum was pared down to remove most of its specialist collections curators (archaeology, geology, and art) leaving only one natural history Keepership (post vacant) and one Keeper of Human History. Since the merger additional members of the former Ipswich staff have vacated their posts.
Under the Designation Scheme introduced by the Government during the 1990s, Ipswich Museum collections were not Designated, while those of Colchester (Essex) and Norwich (Norfolk) were. Suffolk's largest and oldest Museum, formerly autonomous, is now absorbed into a regional 'hub' under a management centred at Colchester, enabling it to benefit from Designation funding.
Kevin Bentley, portfolio holder for culture at Colchester, is reported to state: 'Colchester is the home of Roman history in Britain' (E.A.D.T., loc. cit.). As token of commitment to regional resources, it is proposed to redisplay the Ancient Egyptian collections of Ipswich Museum (which have formed a useful attraction during the past 15 years) in the area currently occupied by galleries displaying Roman finds from Suffolk.
Hurry along, therefore, if you wish to see the ritual crowns from Cavenham, a Christian font and pewter hoard from Icklingham, objects from the Castle Hill villa, ceramics from the Suffolk Roman pottery industries, the uniquely fine set of British Museum replicas of the Mildenhall Treasure, and other items of interest to the county of Suffolk, while they are still displayed in the County Museum.
[edit] The early Museum, 1846-1853
The museum was founded in 1846 and opened in January 1847 in Museum Street, Ipswich then newly laid-out, with the specific remit to educate the working classes in natural history. From 1847 to 1853 it was run by a committee on behalf of subscribers, with open evenings for the public. The first President was the entomologist William Kirby (1759-1850), an original Fellow of the Linnean Society.
The primary initiative for this philanthropic venture came from George Ransome, FLS, a member of the Quaker Ransome family of Ipswich. The Ransome engineering industry helped to build the town's industrial prosperity in the early 19th century. All political complexions became involved in the common aim of social improvement through the Museum, and over sixty leading scientists lent their support as Honorary Members or Vice-Presidents.
[edit] The Presidency of John Stevens Henslow, 1850-1861
During these first years the museum gained national repute under its second President (1850-61), Revd Professor John Stevens Henslow, who had been Charles Darwin's mentor at Cambridge University. In 1851 the British Association for the Advancement of Science met at Ipswich, and the Museum was inspected and greatly admired by HRH Prince Albert, who became its official Patron.
The natural history displays, including many specimens still on show, were set up in the years preceding the publication of Darwin's book The Origin of Species, to show the relation of the various parts of the natural kingdom as it was then understood, and as it was about to be transformed. Many of the honorary members who actually attended museum functions at Ipswich were people at the centre of that revolution, including William Jackson Hooker, William Yarrell, William Buckland and John Gould.
Other honorary members gave important lecture series, notably the first popular course of astronomy lectures by Professor George Biddell Airy, lectures on geology by Professors John Stevens Henslow, Adam Sedgwick, Richard Owen, Edward Forbes, and Sir Charles Lyell, and others by William Carpenter, Lyon Playfair, Edwin Lankester, David Ansted, etc.
[edit] The Museum adopted by the Corporation, 1853
After a financial collapse in late 1852, a referendum was held in the town which voted overwhelmingly to support the Museum through the provisions of the Public Libraries Act 1850. This permitted the levying of a public rate to support such institutions. The collections and properties were formally transferred complete to the Corporation, which retained them in the original premises under the terms of a lease from the builders. Under the new management the terms of public admission were extensively widened. Henslow remained President and continued to develop the collections actively until 1861.
After Henslow's death in 1861, soon after the great confrontation concerning Evolution between Bishop Samuel Wilberforce and Thomas Huxley at Oxford at which Henslow presided, his curator George Knights maintained the collections until his death in 1872.
[edit] The Curatorship of Dr John Ellor Taylor FLS, FGS, 1872-1893
George Knights was succeeded by Dr John Ellor Taylor (1837-1895), FLS, FGS, botanist and geologist. With the help of Edward Packard, founder of the Packard and Fison fertiliser industry, Taylor created what Sir Ray Lankester considered to be the finest representative collections of local geology in the country. Dr Taylor was also editor of the national popular science journal Hardwicke's Science Gossip Magazine, and leading light of the Ipswich Science Gossip Society (1869), which under his guidance became the Ipswich Scientific Society (1875). He had founded the equivalent Society in Norwich in 1870 and was a co-founder of the Norfolk Geological Society.
Taylor advocated the possibilities of coal-mining in Suffolk, and gave lectures (free to the working classes) to audiences of up to 500, giving 20 lectures each season from 1872-1893. He also made a lecture-tour of Australia in 1885, and wrote several popular books including 'Half-Hours at the Seaside', 'Half-Hours in Green Lanes' and the celebrated title 'The Sagacity and Morality of Plants'. His work contributed very largely to public education in Ipswich.
[edit] The New Museum, opened 1881
By 1880 the collections and uses of the museum had so far expanded that it was found desirable to build new premises to house both the museum itself and the Schools of Art and Science which were maintained by the Corporation. The project was undertaken with the help of public subscription, and was largely sponsored by Suffolk county benefactors but with many smaller contributions from Ipswich townsfolk. The principal sponsor was the museum's then President Sir Richard Wallace of Sudbourne Hall, Suffolk, creator of the famous art collection at Hertford House.
Under Taylor's management the transfer was completed in 1881, and the original 1846 building later became a dance hall. The new museum incorporated a hall with balconies, fitted with the original cabinets and lion case. Further expansion on the site, including an art gallery, new rooms for the schools, and extensive new galleries were completed between 1890 and 1900, and the Borough's floating debt on the project was extinguished by the generosity of Mrs Margaret Ogilvie of Sizewell Hall out of appreciation for Taylor's work.
[edit] The Curatorship of Frank Woolnough, 1893-1920
Dr. Taylor died bankrupt in 1895 and his friend Frank Woolnough (1845-1930) succeeded him as Curator 1893-1920. In 1895 the Tudor house in the park on the north side of Ipswich, Christchurch Mansion, was given to the town by Felix Cobbold and eventually became the art and local history department of the Borough's Museums. Woolnough made himself a polymath and developed both departments of the museum and also the Schools with great vigour. He was also active in the Museums Association, securing Congress visits in 1908 and 1916, and was local Secretary for the Ipswich Congresses of the British Association for the Advancement of Science of 1895 and of the Royal Archaeological Institute in 1899.
Prehistoric archaeology owed a special debt to Suffolk since it was at Hoxne during the 1790s that John Frere recognised humanly-worked flints together with the remains of extinct animals, and the general realisation of the greater antiquity of humankind first began. The Prehistoric Society of East Anglia was created in 1908, centred at Norwich and Ipswich Museums, then the only Society dedicated specifically to this study. Interest developed strongly at Ipswich. The Ipswich investigator James Reid Moir became very active in all the Suffolk county societies and in the Museum, encouraged by his mentor Sir Ray Lankester, who was Museum President 1901-29.
At the same time archaeology of various periods (but especially the Prehistoric) in Ipswich and East Anglia was strongly developed by Nina Frances Layard (1853-1935), who in 1920-21 was among the first women admitted as Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London. She was also the first woman President of the Prehistoric Society, and in the second year of lady Fellows admitted to the Linnean Society (1906). She maintained a long collaboration with Ipswich Museum and bequeathed most of her collections to it.
An important acquisition of this time was the collection of stuffed British birds presented by the Ogilvie family in 1918. Collected in Suffolk and Scotland, they represent the long collaboration of F.M. Ogilvie with the Norwich taxidermist Thomas Gunn. This large collection, still intact, on display and in good condition, has extremely beautiful simulated habitats and is now a rare survival. Woolnough also acquired gorillas shot by Paul du Chaillu, a stuffed giraffe in glass case, and an overstuffed rhino (known variously as 'Gladys' or 'Rosie' by generations of Ipswich schoolchildren), and he completely re-stocked the former lion case with African animals obtained from Messrs Rowland Ward Ltd.
[edit] The Curatorship of Guy Maynard, 1920-1952
Frank Woolnough was succeeded by Guy Maynard (1877-1966), previously of Saffron Walden Museum, who was curator from 1920 to 1953. Maynard was Secretary and Editor of the Prehistoric Society from 1921-1936, when this role was taken over by the Cambridge archaeologist Charles Phillips. Maynard and Reid Moir made a team interested in archaeology and developed this work strongly on behalf of the museum, excavating in various parts of Suffolk. Museum assistants Harold Spencer and Francis Simpson became specialised in geology and natural history from the 1920s, evolving a departmental structure for the museum through their work and publications with the Suffolk Naturalists' Society and the Ipswich and District Natural History Society. Reports of archaeological work went to the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology Proceedings, of which both Reid Moir and Maynard were officers.
Reid Moir succeeded Lankester as President until his death in 1944, and through international contacts developed representative collections of implements from most sites published by the Prehistoric Society. Although some of his theories and researches have since been abandoned he was held in high regard by many of his scientific contemporaries. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1937.
Guy Maynard continued Woolnough's work in the area of Fine and Applied Art and Local History assiduously. After the Gainsborough Centenary Exhibition of 1928 a strategy to develop collections showing the Suffolk context of the work of Thomas Gainsborough and John Constable was carried forward. Active in the Suffolk Preservation Society, Maynard rescued what he could from the disappearing timber structures of Ipswich, modernised the museum records, developed photographic records of Ipswich, maintained annual abstracts of archaeological work in the county, and enormously extended the collections of regional artefacts of all kinds.
After 1934 the Museum's work in practical archaeology became centred on the employment of Basil Brown (1888-1977), who with Mr Maynard first conducted three years' investigation of a Roman villa at Stanton Chair in Suffolk. The Museum was approached to release Brown for part of 1938 and 1939 to investigate the Sutton Hoo mounds for Mrs Pretty, under the museum's guidance. In the second year he made the astounding discovery of the ship and its treasure in Mound 1, at which point the national interest of the find led to the formation of an external team led by Charles Phillips.
During the War Guy Maynard had the responsibility of packing up the most valuable collections and transferring them into safe storage, and afterwards of reinstating them. Basil Brown was re-employed until the 1960s and continued his work throughout the county, building the basis of the County's Sites and Monuments Record. This was latterly under the curatorship of Norman Smedley (1953-1964), who afterwards formalised the archaeological role for Miss Elizabeth Owles.
[edit] Recent Organization
Through a succession of post-War curators (Norman Smedley, Patricia Butler, Alf Hatton, Sara Muldoon and Tim Heyburn) the Museum has passed into a more contemporary pattern of staffing which has varied in number and roles according to perceived priorities and financial restraints of different times. Local Government Reorganization in 1974 merged the two counties of East and West Suffolk. Practical Archaeology then became the function of the new Suffolk County Council Field Archaeology Unit, which also houses the Sites and Monuments Record. The Museum's former link with the Ipswich Art School and the Library Service was also severed as they were transferred to the County Council. The useful honorary office of President has been vacant since the 1970s. The 2007 merger of this historic service with that of Colchester will form the first constitutional change since the public discussion and vote of 1853.
[edit] Sources
- ^ East Anglian Daily Times, 1 Feb 2007, p 2.
- Ipswich Borough Council and Colchester Borough Council, December 2006, 'A Business Plan for a Combined Museum Service for Colchester and Ipswich.'
- RAD Markham, A Rhino in High Street (Ipswich Borough Council 1990).
- SJ Plunkett, The Suffolk Institute of Archaeology: Its Life, Times and Members, Proc Suffolk Inst of Archaeol., 1998.
- New ODNB, entries for Nina Layard, Basil Brown, John Ellor Taylor.
- SJ Plunkett, Dr John Ellor Taylor: Guide, Philosopher and Friend, Proc Suffolk Inst of Archaeol., 2002.
- N Salmon and R Malster (eds), Ipswich From the First to the Third Millennium - Papers from an Ipswich Society Symposium (Ipswich 2001).
