International Rule (sailing)
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The International Rule, also known as The Metre Rule, was created for the measuring and rating of yachts to allow different designs of yacht to race together under a handicap system. Prior to the ratification of the International Rule in 1907, countries raced yachts under the own national rules and international competition was always subject to various forms of subjective handicapping.
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[edit] Background
In the UK, merchant sailing vessels were historically measured using Builder's Old Measurement to measure tonnage and taxed according. The word ‘ton’ and hence ‘tonnage’ originates from the word ‘tun’ which is a measure of volume equivalent to the size of a barrel which could contain 252 gallons of wine. Due to the long history of measuring or rating merchant sailing ships by their tonnage so tonnage was naturally also used to measure or rate a sailing yacht. Accurately measuring of the internal volume of a sailing vessel was virtually impossible due to the continually changing curvature of a ship’s hull from the bow to the stern. So a set of distances at points on the hull was defined to be measured and entered into a formula which then defined the tonnage and hence the taxes to be paid to the government of the day. As each ship was measured on the same basis it did not matter that the tonnage measurement was not a 100% accurate measure of volume as all vessels were measured on the same basis which lead to an equitable basis of allocating tax.
[edit] Yacht Handicapping
During the early part of the 19th century interest in yacht racing had achieved sufficient momentum to need an agreed handicapping system to allow different types of yacht to race on an equitable basis. The method of measuring merchant sailing ships carried over into the world of yacht racing so that a yacht also now had a measured tonnage which allowed size comparisons and hence performance comparisons to be made between yachts on the basis that a properly designed big yacht will sail faster than a properly designed small yacht.
Each yacht fell within a Class based upon its measured tonnage. In the early 19th century four ranges of tonnage and hence four Classes were defined. Based on experience gained from the results of numerous races each Class was allocated a distance allowance that the Class had to give away to the next lower Class. This was equivalent to a Class 1 having to sail more distance than a Class 4 yacht during a race.
In 1834 handicapping by distance was changed to handicapping by time.
As yacht racing in particular became more and more popular designers started to look for and found loopholes in the measurement rules to enable a design to get a better rating. Whilst this encouraged designers it discouraged owners from participating in handicap racing because designs were being outdated almost before the yacht was launched.
In order to restore the equilibrium, work began on new formulas, which resulted, in the Thames Measurement which was the first formula defined for yachts.
The adoption of the British Thames Measurement by the Yacht Club of France in 1870 may mark the beginning of international rating rules. In 1893, the Germano-Scandinavian Union was formed and it developed its “Union Rule”. Starting in 1902, under the leadership of the New York Yacht Club, U.S. yacht clubs agreed to a “Universal Rule” in 1905 which was based on a formula developed by Nathanael Herreshoff.
[edit] Development of the International Rule
[edit] Initial Impetus
By the early 20th Century yacht racing had spread across Europe but each country had its own different rating rules but they all typically used similar principles. International competition was always subject to various forms of handicapping which was often subjective and certainly open to protest
What was needed was a common rating or an agreed International Rule, which would enable yachts from one country to race competitively in a different country.
The leading yacht racing countries came together and laid down a system that calculated the rating of yachts, measurement rules, construction regulations (scantlings) and rules for racing. This was largely driven by the United Kingdom. The then Secretary of the YRA (later called IYRU and today ISAF), Brooke Heckstall-Smith had been in discussion with Scandinavians German and French yacht clubs and a conference was held at the Langham Hotel in London in July 1906. Representatives from eleven countries attended, together with an observer from the United States, plus several respected nautical engineers and designers and they started to formulate the International Rule.
A committee met again in October 1906 in Berlin to elaborate on the application of the Rule. The conference delegates met finally again in Paris in October 1907 and ratified the first International Rule which defined notonly the rating of yachts and measurement rules but also construction regulations (scantlings) and racing rules. Delegates from this meeting went on to form the International Yacht Racing Union (IYRU); the precursor to the present International Sailing Federation (ISAF).
The USA sent observers to the meetings but did not initially adopt the first International Rule and continued with the Universal Rule based on the formula developed by Nathanael Herreshoff.
[edit] Evolution of the Rule
The International Rule eventually became the backbone of yacht racing. The Rule created a formula that took into account most problematic areas that had previously caused dissent among the racing nations. It does not restrict size - many individual classes were created. It allowed designers a degree of latitude - yet controlled unsafe extremes. It laid down construction rules and governed the use of materials - yet understood that the Rule must develop.
[edit] First International Rule
Used from 1907-1920
where
- L = waterline length (LWL)
- B = beam
- G = chain girth
- d = difference between girth and chain
- S = sail area
- F = freeboard
[edit] Second International Rule
Used from 1920-1933.
where
- L = waterline length (LWL)
- G = chain girth
- d = difference between girth and chain
- S = sail area
- F = freeboard
[edit] Third International Rule
Used from 1933 –1939.
where
- L = waterline length (LWL)
- d = difference between girth and chain
- S = sail area
- F = freeboard
[edit] Rule Forms
The International Rule has been the backbone of Yacht racing. The Rule created a formula that took into account most problematic areas that had previously caused dissent among the racing nations. It does not restrict size - many individual classes were created. It allowed designers a degree of latitude - yet controlled unsafe extremes. It laid down construction rules and governed the use of materials - yet understood that the Rule must develop.
It is important to note the term Metre does not refer to the length of the yacht; it is the product of a formula and denotes the class. A Six Metre yacht can be from 10 metres to 12 metres in length.
Metre Rule has proven to be successful and enduring, seeing only minor revisions over the years. Whilst many different Metre Class yachts were constructed during those first heady years, three sizes have maintained their popularity; the 6, 8 and 12 Metre Classes. The year after the ratification, the 12 Metre Class were chosen for the Olympics - the 6 and 8 Metres were also used at different stages. The 12 Metre Class was used for the America's Cup events until 1986. Relatively new arrival is one-person 2.4 Metre Class, currently active Paralympics class.
International Rule should not be confused with Square Metre Rule.
[edit] Why the word "Metre" in the names of the different classes of yachts built to the International Rule
The term Metre refers to the units of measurement used for the input values entered into the formula. The use of metric units for the formula represented a major concession on the part of the British whose preeminence in yachting at the time could have justified using Imperial units.
[edit] Why doesn't the "number" of a class, e.g. Six Metre, correspond to its length?
For the International Rule, the rating number is approximately equal to the sailing length of the hull. These boats have long overhangs which allow the waterline length to increase as the beat heels over. A displacement hull's maximum speed is directly proportional to its waterline length. [1]
The first rating rules were first expressed as the weighted sum of various speed factors such as length and sail area. Later rules included resistance factors, such as draught or freeboard. These resistance factors could either be subtracted from the speed factors or used as divisors of the speed factors. Some rules thus took the form of fractions - some “trivial”, where the divisor was merely a constant, and others “non-trivial”, where the divisor was a resistance factor. The Union Rule was a trivial fraction (the divisor being “150”) and the Universal Rule non-trivial (the divisor being 5 times the cube root of the draught).
It was the illustrious architect, Dixon Kemp, who began the tradition of expressing British rules as trivial fractions with a divisor of “2”, thus starting the tradition of the age old question:
“Since your boat is a Six metre, why is it 12 metres long?”
[edit] Metre Classes
While many different Metre Class yachts were constructed during those first heady years, three sizes have maintained their popularity; the 6 & 8 and 12 Metre Classes. The year after the ratification, the 12 Metre Class were chosen for the Olympics - the 6 Metre and the 8 Metre classes were also used in different years. The 5.5 Metre was also used in the Olympics. The 12 Metre Class was used for the America's Cup events from 1958 through 1987.
A recent development has been the 2.4 Metre Class -- a Metre class boat designed for a solo sailor. As a keelboat, and unlike a dinghy, it does not require the crew to balance his weight to keep the boat from capsizing. Therefore, it has become a very popular class for the physically disabled, and is currently used in the Paralympics.
A group of Metre Class yacht owners, friends and enthusiasts are celebrating the centenary of the International Rule, in July, 2007, in Cowes UK, by organising a regatta for all Metre Class yachts.
[edit] References
- ^ Marchais, Hydro and Aerodynamics of sailing
