International Brigades order of battle
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The International Brigades (IB) were volunteer military units who fought on the side of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. The volunteers were motivated to fight on political or social grounds and made their way to Spain independently. The brigades were not initially formally conceived and methodically recruited. Instead, they evolved as a means of organising the streams of volunteers arriving from every quarter of the world. It has been estimated that up to 25% of IB volunteers were Jewish.[1] This article describes the order of battle of each of the International Brigades, describing the order and manner in which each brigade was mustered and formed, and following the progress of individual battalions throughout the conflict.
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[edit] Introduction
[edit] Early International units
The first volunteers arrived in Spain in Mid-August 1936. These were mostly Franco-Belgian, German, British and Italian. At first, they grouped themselves into sections, called Columns or Centuria (nominally of a hundred men). These were mostly formed in August/September 1936.
- The Tom Mann Centuria, named after English trade unionist leader Tom Mann, became part of the Thaelmann Battalion
- The Thaelmann Centuria (the nucleus of the Thaelmann Battalion), named for Ernst Thälmann.
- Centuria Gastone Sozzi, named for Gastone Sozzi
- Rosselli's Italian Column
- Colonna Giustizia e Liberté
[edit] Brigade structure
Each brigade consisted of four battalions, sometimes with an ancillary specialist support company. They had a brigade commander and a political commissar, and a small brigade staff. Initially, the battalions were formed entirely of foreign volunteers but, increasingly, it became practice to have at least one Spanish battalion in each brigade (and, from Spring 1937, one Spanish company in each battalion). As time went on, and the difficulties of recruiting new international volunteers increased, the percentage of Spaniards went up. At first, these were volunteers but conscription was later introduced. The brigades were formally incorporated into the Spanish Army in September 1937, as Spanish Foreign Legion units [2].
[edit] Battalion structure
The battalions were originally organised by language, with volunteers sharing the same (or similar languages) and given names that reflected the groups. To develop an esprit de corps, these names were replaced by names of inspirational figures or events, for example, Garibaldi, or Commune de Paris.
"Theoretically, the Battalion organisation consisted of the Battalion Commander, his Second in Command, the Political Commissar, the Adjutant and orderly room staff, three Companies of infantry, one machine-gun Company, Battalion scouts, and the Quartermaster and cookhouse staff. There were three platoons in each company, each divided into [four] sections of ten men, so that the Battalion at full strength would number more than 500 men...." [3]
[edit] Political commissars
[edit] International brigade depots
- Albacete - Headquarters
- Madrigueras - Training camp
- Tiflis - Officer training school[4]
- Camp Lukácz - Penal battalion
[edit] XI International Brigade
Names:
- The Hans Beimler Brigade (after Hans Beimler)
- The Thälmann Brigade (after Ernst Thälmann)
Songs:
- (German) Hans Beimler Lied
- (German) Lied von XI Brigade ("Song of the XIth Brigade")
- (German) Lied der XI Brigade Or Ballade or Marsch der XI Brigade)
Detailed Order of Battle
- (Spanish) EPR Order of Battle Website
- (Spanish) Associació Catalana Website
[edit] Formation
- Formed at Albacete: 14-17 October 1936 as IX Brigada Movil ("Mobile Brigade").
- 1st Bn Franco-Belgian (14 Oct 1936)
- 2nd Bn Austro-German (14 Oct 1936)
- 3rd Bn Italo-Spanish (14 Oct 1936)
- 4th Bn Polish-Balkan (17 Oct 1936)
- Re-Organised: 14-22 October 1936 as XI "Hans Beimler" International Brigade. The battalions were renamed as follows:
- Commune de Paris Battalion (after the Paris Commune. (Formerly 1st Franco-Belge)
- Edgar André Battalion (after Edgar André). (Formerly 2nd Austro-German)
- Garibaldi Battalion (after Giuseppe Garibaldi). (Formerly 3rd Italo-Español)
- Dabrowski Battalion (pronounced Dombrowski), (after Jarosław Dąbrowski). (Formerly 4th Polish-Balkan)
- Minor Re-Organisation: 3 November 1936
- Garibaldi Battalion, as it had no rifles, was transferred to 12th Brigade
- Thaelmann Battalion joined XI Brigade from XII Brigade
- Asturias-Heredia Battalion (Spanish) joined XI Brigade.
[edit] Brigade staff
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Brigade Commanders:
Chiefs of Staff:
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Brigade Commissars:
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[edit] Division
- Commander: General "Kléber" (Manfred Stern)[5]
[edit] XII International Brigade
Name: The Garibaldi Brigade
Detailed Order of Battle
- (Spanish) EPR Order of Battle Website
- (Spanish) Associació Catalana Website
[edit] Formation
Raised 22 Oct 1936 at Albacete, General "Lukàcs" (Mate Zalka) commanding[6]. (Lukàcs was killed during the Huesca Offensive.)
- Units that formed part of the Brigade at different times:
- André Marty Battalion
- Dabrowski Battalion a.k.a Dombrowski Battalion
- Figlio Battalion
- Garibaldi Battalion
- Madrid Battalion
- Prieto Battalion
- Thaelmann Battalion
[edit] XIII International Brigade
Names: The Dabrowski Brigade, The Dombrowski Brigade
Detailed Order of Battle
- (Spanish) EPR Order of Battle Website
[edit] 1st formation
Raised: 12 December 1936
- Louise Michel (II) Battalion
- Tchapaiev Battalion / Czapiaew
- Vuillemin Battalion
- One Balkan Company
- 1st Battery "Ernst Thaelmann"
- 2nd Battery "Karl Liebknecht"
- 3rd Battery "Antoni Gramsci"
[edit] 2nd formation
Reformed: 4 August 1937
[edit] 3rd formation
Reformed (in Monredón): 1 October 1938 (exclusively Spanish battalions)
[edit] 4th formation
Reformed: 23 January 1939 (from demoblised International Brigade members who had remained in Spain)
[edit] Brigade staff
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Brigade Commanders:
Chiefs of Staff:
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Brigade Commissars:
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[edit] XIV International Brigade
Name/s: The Marseillaise Brigade
Order of Battle
- (Spanish) EPR Order of Battle Website
- (Spanish) Associació Catalana Website
[edit] Formation
Raised 20 Dec 1936 with volunteers mainly from France and Belgium, under General "Walter" (Karol Świerczewski). After the Battle of Brunete (6–25 July 1937), brigade strength was reduced from four to two battalions. [7] The battalions attached to this Brigade at different times were:
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- Commune de Paris Battalion
- Domingo Germinal Battalion
- Henri Barbusse Battalion
- Louise Michel I Battalion
- Louise Michel II Battalion
- Marsellaise Battalion
- Pierre Brachet Battalion
- Primera Unidad de Avance Battalion
- Nine Nations Battalion a.k.a. Sans nons or Des Neuf Nationalités Battalion
- Sixth February Battalion
- Vaillant-Couturier Battalion
[edit] XV International Brigade
- Raised: Albacete, 31 January 1937
- Brigade name/s: XVth Brigade, XV Brigada Mixta
- Brigade songs: Jarama Valley, Viva la Quinta Brigada
- Battles: Jarama, Brunete, Boadilla, Belchite, Fuentes de Ebro, Teruel, El Ebro
Order of Battle
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Date joined Number Battalion Name Composition Date left Comments 31 Jan 1937 16th British Battalion British, Irish, Dominion 23 Sep 1938 Demobilised 31 Jan 1937 17th Lincoln Battalion US, Canada, Irish, British 23 Sep 1938 Demobilised 31 Jan 1937 18th Dimitrov Battalion Balkan 20 Sep 1937 Moved to 45th Div. Reserve 31 Jan 1937 19th Sixth February Battalion French & Belgian 4 Aug 1937 Moved to 14th Brigade 14 Mar 1937 24th Volontario 24 Spanish volunteers 10 Nov 1937 Moved to Spanish brigade 5 Apr 1937 ~ Español Battalion Latin Americans 23 Sep 1938 Demobilised 29 Jun 1937 ~ Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion Canadian & US 23 Sep 1938 Demobilised 4 Jul 1937 20th Washington Battalion US 14 Jul 1937 Merged with Lincoln Battalion[8]
- Main Sources: (i) (Spanish) EPR Order of Battle Website, (ii) (Spanish) Associació Catalana Website
- Sub-battalion units attached to Brigade
- Brigade Anti-Tank Company
- John Brown
- XVth Brigade Photographic Unit (Aug 1937-Sep 1938) Archive
- Re-organised May/June 1937, into two regiments:
- First regiment, commanded by George Nathan [9]
- Lincoln Bn, commanded by Robert Hale Merriman
- Washington Bn
- British Bn, commanded by Fred Copeman
- Second regiment, commanded by Major "Chapaiev" [10]
- Dimitrov Battalion
- Sixth February Battalion
- Voluntario 24 Battalion (Spanish) (Capitano Aquilla)[11]
- First regiment, commanded by George Nathan [9]
- Post-Brunete, reinforced by:
- Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion
- Demobilised
- Barcelona, 23 September 1938
[edit] Other International Brigades
[edit] 86th Brigade
Raised 13 Feb 1938
- Units that formed part of the Brigade at different times:
- Veinte Battalion (Twentieth Brigade)
[edit] CXXIX / 129th Brigade
Name/s: Central European Brigade Raised 13 Feb 1938
- Units that formed part of the Brigade at different times:
- Dimitrov Battalion
- Djure Djakovic Battalion
- Thomas Mazaryk Battalion (after Tomáš Masaryk)
- Tschapaiew Battalion
[edit] CL / 150th Brigade
Name/s: Dabowski Brigade Raised 27 May 1937
- Units that formed part of the Brigade at different times:
- André Marty Battalion (after André Marty)
- Mathis Rakosi Battalion (after Mátyás Rákosi)
[edit] Ad-hoc units
- Agrupació Torunczyk (21 Jan 1939-9 Feb 1939)
- Elements from XI, XIII and XV Brigades
- Agrupació Szuster (1 Feb 1939-9 Feb 1939)
- Elements from XII and CXXIX Brigades
[edit] Notes and references
- Jason Gurney, Crusade in Spain, 1974.
- Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain, 2006
- Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, 1961 (1st Ed.)
- Hugh Thomas, The Spain Civil War, 2001 (4th Ed.)
- Martin Sugarman, Jews Who Served in The Spanish Civil War PDF file
- ^ Sugarman pp 1-2
- ^ Thomas (2001), p759
- ^ Gurney (1974) p. 64
- ^ Beevor (2006), p. 163
- ^ Beevor (2006) p. 167
- ^ Beevor (2006) p. 167
- ^ Beevor (2006) p 285
- ^ Briefly known as the Washington-Lincoln Battalion
- ^ Thomas (1961), p460
- ^ Thomas (1961), p461
- ^ http://www.rkka.ru/tank-vs-tank/ussr/before-1941/bt-5_v_ispanii.htm] Combat use of BT-5 in Spain (Боевое применение танков БТ-5 в Испании)
