Interleukin 21
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Interleukin 21
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| Identifiers | ||||||||||||||
| Symbol(s) | IL21; IL-21; Za11 | |||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 605384 MGI: 1890474 HomoloGene: 11032 | |||||||||||||
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| RNA expression pattern | ||||||||||||||
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| Orthologs | ||||||||||||||
| Human | Mouse | |||||||||||||
| Entrez | 59067 | 60505 | ||||||||||||
| Ensembl | ENSG00000138684 | n/a | ||||||||||||
| Uniprot | Q9HBE4 | n/a | ||||||||||||
| Refseq | NM_021803 (mRNA) NP_068575 (protein) |
NM_021782 (mRNA) NP_068554 (protein) |
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| Location | Chr 4: 123.75 - 123.76 Mb | n/a | ||||||||||||
| Pubmed search | [1] | [2] | ||||||||||||
Interleukin 21, also known as IL21, is a human gene.[1]
The protein encoded by this gene, Interleukin 21, a cytokine that has potent regulatory effects on cells of the immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells that can destroy virally infected or cancerous cells.[2][3] This cytokine induces cell division/proliferation in its target cells. IL-21 elicits its effects on immune cells by interacting with a cell surface receptor known as the interleukin 21 receptor, IL-21R, that is expressed in bone marrow cells and various lymphocytes.
[edit] References
- ^ Entrez Gene: IL21 interleukin 21.
- ^ Parrish-Novak J, Dillon SR, Nelson A, Hammond A, Sprecher C, Gross JA, Johnston J, Madden K, Xu W, West J, Schrader S, Burkhead S, Heipel M, Brandt C, Kuijper JL, Kramer J, Conklin D, Presnell SR, Berry J, Shiota F, Bort S, Hambly K, Mudri S, Clegg C, Moore M, Grant FJ, Lofton-Day C, Gilbert T, Rayond F, Ching A, Yao L, Smith D, Webster P, Whitmore T, Maurer M, Kaushansky K, Holly RD, Foster D (2000). "Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function". Nature 408 (6808): 57–63. doi:. PMID 11081504.
- ^ Parrish-Novak J, Foster DC, Holly RD, Clegg CH (2002). "Interleukin-21 and the IL-21 receptor: novel effectors of NK and T cell responses". J. Leukoc. Biol. 72 (5): 856–63. PMID 12429707.
[edit] Further reading
- Sivakumar PV, Foster DC, Clegg CH (2004). "Interleukin-21 is a T-helper cytokine that regulates humoral immunity and cell-mediated anti-tumour responses.". Immunology 112 (2): 177–82. doi:. PMID 15147560.
- Leonard WJ, Spolski R (2005). "Interleukin-21: a modulator of lymphoid proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation.". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5 (9): 688–98. doi:. PMID 16138102.
- Brandt K, Singh PB, Bulfone-Paus S, Rückert R (2007). "Interleukin-21: a new modulator of immunity, infection, and cancer.". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 18 (3-4): 223–32. doi:. PMID 17509926.
- Flores I, Casaseca T, Martinez-A C, et al. (1996). "Phosphatidic acid generation through interleukin 2 (IL-2)-induced alpha-diacylglycerol kinase activation is an essential step in IL-2-mediated lymphocyte proliferation.". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (17): 10334–40. PMID 8626603.
- Parrish-Novak J, Dillon SR, Nelson A, et al. (2000). "Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function.". Nature 408 (6808): 57–63. doi:. PMID 11081504.
- Vosshenrich CA, Di Santo JP (2001). "Cytokines: IL-21 joins the gamma(c)-dependent network?". Curr. Biol. 11 (5): R175–7. PMID 11267886.
- Asao H, Okuyama C, Kumaki S, et al. (2001). "Cutting edge: the common gamma-chain is an indispensable subunit of the IL-21 receptor complex.". J. Immunol. 167 (1): 1–5. PMID 11418623.
- Strengell M, Sareneva T, Foster D, et al. (2002). "IL-21 up-regulates the expression of genes associated with innate immunity and Th1 response.". J. Immunol. 169 (7): 3600–5. PMID 12244150.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:. PMID 12477932.
- Zhang JL, Foster D, Sebald W (2003). "Human IL-21 and IL-4 bind to partially overlapping epitopes of common gamma-chain.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 300 (2): 291–6. PMID 12504082.
- Strengell M, Matikainen S, Sirén J, et al. (2003). "IL-21 in synergy with IL-15 or IL-18 enhances IFN-gamma production in human NK and T cells.". J. Immunol. 170 (11): 5464–9. PMID 12759422.
- Brandt K, Bulfone-Paus S, Foster DC, Rückert R (2004). "Interleukin-21 inhibits dendritic cell activation and maturation.". Blood 102 (12): 4090–8. doi:. PMID 12893770.
- Sivori S, Cantoni C, Parolini S, et al. (2004). "IL-21 induces both rapid maturation of human CD34+ cell precursors towards NK cells and acquisition of surface killer Ig-like receptors.". Eur. J. Immunol. 33 (12): 3439–47. doi:. PMID 14635054.
- Pène J, Gauchat JF, Lécart S, et al. (2004). "Cutting edge: IL-21 is a switch factor for the production of IgG1 and IgG3 by human B cells.". J. Immunol. 172 (9): 5154–7. PMID 15100251.
- Strengell M, Julkunen I, Matikainen S (2004). "IFN-alpha regulates IL-21 and IL-21R expression in human NK and T cells.". J. Leukoc. Biol. 76 (2): 416–22. doi:. PMID 15178704.
- Zhang SQ, Chen B, Luo X, Xu CZ (2005). "[Cloning and expression of human interleukin-21 cDNA in E.coli]". Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 20 (4): 406–9. PMID 15207081.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:. PMID 15489334.
- Ozaki K, Spolski R, Ettinger R, et al. (2004). "Regulation of B cell differentiation and plasma cell generation by IL-21, a novel inducer of Blimp-1 and Bcl-6.". J. Immunol. 173 (9): 5361–71. PMID 15494482.
- Mehta DS, Wurster AL, Weinmann AS, Grusby MJ (2005). "NFATc2 and T-bet contribute to T-helper-cell-subset-specific regulation of IL-21 expression.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (6): 2016–21. doi:. PMID 15684054.
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