Interleukin 10
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Interleukin-10 (IL-10 or IL10), also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.
This cytokine is produced primarily by monocytes and to a lesser extent by lymphocytes. This cytokine has pleiotropic effects in immunoregulation and inflammation. It down-regulates the expression of Th1 cytokines, MHC class II Ags, and costimulatory molecules on macrophages. It also enhances B cell survival, proliferation, and antibody production. This cytokine can block NF-κB activity, and is involved in the regulation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Knockout studies in mice suggested the function of this cytokine as an essential immunoregulator in the intestinal tract.[1]
A study in mice has shown that interleukin-10 is also produced by mast cells, couteracting the inflammatory effect that these cells have at the site of an allergic reaction.[2]
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[edit] Function
It is capable of inhibiting synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-3, TNFα and GM-CSF made by cells such as macrophages and the Type 1 T helper cells.
IL-10 also displays potent abilities to suppress the antigen presentation capactiy of antigen presenting cells.
However, it is also stimulatory towards certain T cells, mast cells and B cells.
[edit] Expression
It is mainly expressed in monocytes and Type 2 T helper cells (TH2), mast cells and also in a certain subset of activated T cells and B cells.
It is released by cytotoxic T-cells to inhibit the actions of NK cells during the immune response to viral infection.
[edit] Gene and Protein Structure
In humans, the IL-10 gene is located in chromosome 1 and consists of 5 exons.
The IL-10 protein is a homodimer . Each subunit is 178 amino acids long.
[edit] References
- ^ Entrez Gene: IL10 interleukin 10.
- ^ Grimbaldeston M et al (2007). "Mast cell–derived interleukin 10 limits skin pathology in contact dermatitis and chronic irradiation with ultraviolet B". Nature Immunology 8: 1095-1104. doi:.
[edit] Further reading
- Moore KW, de Waal Malefyt R, Coffman RL, O'Garra A (2001). "Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor.". Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19: 683-765. doi:. PMID 11244051.
- Girndt M (2003). "Humoral immune responses in uremia and the role of IL-10.". Blood Purif. 20 (5): 485-8. PMID 12207099.
- Beebe AM, Cua DJ, de Waal Malefyt R (2003). "The role of interleukin-10 in autoimmune disease: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS).". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13 (4-5): 403-12. PMID 12220553.
- Mocellin S, Panelli MC, Wang E, et al. (2004). "The dual role of IL-10.". Trends Immunol. 24 (1): 36-43. PMID 12495723.
- Roncarolo MG, Battaglia M, Gregori S (2004). "The role of interleukin 10 in the control of autoimmunity.". J. Autoimmun. 20 (4): 269-72. PMID 12791310.
- Groux H, Cottrez F (2004). "The complex role of interleukin-10 in autoimmunity.". J. Autoimmun. 20 (4): 281-5. PMID 12791313.
- Llorente L, Richaud-Patin Y (2004). "The role of interleukin-10 in systemic lupus erythematosus.". J. Autoimmun. 20 (4): 287-9. PMID 12791314.
- Asadullah K, Sabat R, Friedrich M, et al. (2004). "Interleukin-10: an important immunoregulatory cytokine with major impact on psoriasis.". Current drug targets. Inflammation and allergy 3 (2): 185-92. PMID 15180472.
- Stenvinkel P, Ketteler M, Johnson RJ, et al. (2005). "IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-alpha: central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia--the good, the bad, and the ugly.". Kidney Int. 67 (4): 1216-33. doi:. PMID 15780075.
- Copeland KF (2006). "Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines.". Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry 5 (12): 1093-101. PMID 16375755.
[edit] External links
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