Information appliance
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An information appliance (IA) is an appliance specializing in information, a personal device designed to perform a specific activity, such as playing music, photography, or editing text, in a simple and user-friendly way.[1][2] Typical examples are smartphones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Information appliances partially overlap in definition with, or are sometimes referred to as, smart devices, embedded systems, mobile devices, wireless devices, or handheld devices.
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[edit] Appliance vs computer
The term information appliance was coined by Jef Raskin around 1979.[3][4] As later explained by a influential Donald Norman's The Invisible Computer,[5] the main characteristics of IA, as opposed to any normal computer, were:
- designed and pre-configured for a single application (like a toaster appliance, which is designed only to make toasts),
- so easy to use for untrained people, that it effectively becomes unnoticeable, "invisible" to them,
- able to automatically share information with any other IAs.
This definition of IA was different from today's. Jef Raskin initially tried to include such features in the Apple Macintosh, which he designed, but eventually the project went quite different way. For a short while during the mid- and late 1980s, there were a few models of simple electronic typewriters with screens and some form of memory storage. These dedicated word processor machines had some of the attributes of an information appliance, and Raskin designed one of them, the Canon Cat. He described some properties of his definition of information appliance in his book The Humane Interface.
Larry Ellison, Oracle Corporation CEO, incorrectly predicted that information appliances and network computers would supersede personal computers (PCs).[6]
[edit] Walled gardens versus open standards
In an ideal world, any true information appliance would be able to communicate with any other information appliance using open standard protocols and technologies, regardless of the maker of the software or the hardware. The communications aspects and all user interface elements would be designed together so that a user could switch seamlessly from one information appliance to another.
Some vendors are attempting to create "walled gardens" of closed proprietary content for information appliances, leveraging existing proprietary technologies. However, with the exception of NTT DoCoMo's i-mode, these efforts have been less successful than predicted, due to the willingness of most vendors to work together within open standards frameworks, and the pre-existing widespread adoption of open standards such as GSM, IP, SMS and SMTP.
[edit] References
- ^ Pirhonen, A.; Isomäki, H.; Roast, C.; Saariluoma, Pertti. Future Interaction Design. Springer, pp. 129. ISBN 1-85233-791-5. Retrieved on 2008-05-06.
- ^ Benyon, David; Turner, Phil; Turner, Susan. Designing Interactive Systems: People, Activities, Contexts, Technologies. Addison Wesley Publishing Company, pp. 18. ISBN 0-321-11629-1. Retrieved on 2008-05-06.
- ^ Bergman, Eric. Information Appliances and Beyond (Interactive Technologies). Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 2-3. ISBN 1-55860-600-9. Retrieved on 2008-05-06.
- ^ Allan, Roy (2001). A history of the personal computer: the people and the technology. London, Ont.: Allan Pub., pp. 49. ISBN 0-9689108-0-7. Retrieved on 2008-05-06.
- ^ Norman, Donald A. (1998). The invisible computer: why good products can fail, the personal computer is so complex, and information appliances are the solution. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-64041-4.
- ^ Walters, E. Garrison (2001). The essential guide to computing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, pp. 13. ISBN 0-13-019469-7. Retrieved on 2008-05-06.
[edit] See also
