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Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus that is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family, and from the genus Novirhabdovirus. It causes the disease known as infectious hematopoietic necrosis in salmonid fish like trout and salmon. IHNV is commonly found in the Pacific Coast of Canada and the USA, and has also been found in Europe and Japan.[1][2][3] IHNV is transmitted following shedding of the virus in the feces, urine, sexual fluids, and external mucus and by direct contact or close contact with surrounding water. The virus gains entry into fish at the base of the fins.[4]
Clinical signs of infection with IHNV include abdominal distension, bulging of the eyes, skin darkening, anemia and fading of the gills. Infected fish commonly hemorrhage in several areas; the mouth and behind the head, the pectoral fins, muscles near the anus, and (in fry) the yolk sac. Diseased fish weaken eventually floating “belly-up” on the surface of the water. Necrosis is common in the kidney and spleen, and sometimes in the liver.[5]
The complete RNA genome of IHNV has been sequenced. This virus encodes a leader sequence of 60 amino acids and 6 proteins; nucleocapsid (N), polymerase-associated phosphoprotein (P or M1), matrix protein (M or M2), surface glycoprotein (G), non-virion protein (NV) and virus polymerase (L).[6][7]
[edit] References
- ^ Rudakova SL, Kurath G, Bochkova EV (2007). "Occurrence and genetic typing of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Kamchatka, Russia". Dis. Aquat. Org. 75 (1): 1–11. PMID 17523538.
- ^ Nishizawa T, Kinoshita S, Kim WS, Higashi S, Yoshimizu M (2006). "Nucleotide diversity of Japanese isolates of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) based on the glycoprotein gene". Dis. Aquat. Org. 71 (3): 267–72. PMID 17058607.
- ^ Enzmann PJ, Kurath G, Fichtner D, Bergmann SM (2005). "Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: monophyletic origin of European isolates from North American genogroup M". Dis. Aquat. Org. 66 (3): 187–95. PMID 16261933.
- ^ Harmache A, LeBerre M, Droineau S, Giovannini M, Brémont M (2006). "Bioluminescence imaging of live infected salmonids reveals that the fin bases are the major portal of entry for Novirhabdovirus". J. Virol. 80 (7): 3655–9. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.7.3655-3659.2006. PMID 16537634.
- ^ Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis
- ^ Morzunov SP, Winton JR, Nichol ST (1995). "The complete genome structure and phylogenetic relationship of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus". Virus Res. 38 (2-3): 175–92. PMID 8578857.
- ^ Schütze H, Enzmann PJ, Kuchling R, Mundt E, Niemann H, Mettenleiter TC (1995). "Complete genomic sequence of the fish rhabdovirus infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus". J. Gen. Virol. 76 ( Pt 10): 2519–27. PMID 7595355.
