Inelastic mean free path

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The inelastic mean free path (IMFP) is an index of how far an electron can travel through a solid before losing energy.

If a monochromatic primary beam of electrons is incident on a solid surface, the majority of incident electrons lose their energy because they interact strongly with matter, leading to plasmon excitation, electron-hole pair formation, and vibrational excitation^[1]. The intensity of the primary electrons, I₀, is damped as a function of the distance, d, into the solid. The intensity decay can be expressed as follows:

I(d) = I₀ exp(-d / λ(E))

where I(d) is the intensity after the primary electron beam has traveled through the solid. The parameter λ(E), termed the inelastic mean free path (IMFP), is defined as the distance an electron beam can travel before its intensity decays to 1/e of its initial value.