Indoor football

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This article discusses indoor variations of American football; for indoor versions of association football (soccer), see futsal and indoor soccer and for the indoor version of Australian Rules Football, see Indoor Rules.

Indoor football is a variation of American football with rules modified to make it suitable for play within ice hockey arenas.

1 History
2 Style of play
3 Connection to NFL
4 List of Current Arena & Indoor Football Leagues
5 List of Defunct Indoor & Arena Football Leagues
6 Notes and references
7 External links

[edit] History

[edit] Early history

The first major indoor football game was the 1932 NFL Playoff Game, which was played indoors in the Chicago Stadium due to a severe blizzard that prevented playing the game outside. A dirt floor was brought in, and to compensate for the 80-yard length of the field, teams were penalized twenty yards upon crossing midfield.

In the 1960s the Boardwalk Bowl, a post-season game involving small college teams, was contested at the Atlantic City Convention Center, probably known better as the home of the Miss America Pageant, in another attempt to make Atlantic City more of a year-round resort in the pre-gambling era as opposed to a single-season one (the Miss America pageant likewise began as an attempt to extend the season beyond Labor Day). The Philadelphia-based Liberty Bowl game, which had been played at Municipal Stadium from 1959-1963, was moved into the Convention Center in 1964 for the contest between Utah and West Virginia. The game drew just over 6,000 fans, though, and the Liberty Bowl moved to Memphis, where it is still held as of 2007.

This, however, was not technically "indoor football" as discussed here, as the size of the playing surface and hence the rules were essentially the same as in the standard outdoor game, with only the necessity of contingencies for what were to happen should, say, a punt strike the ceiling. Some would say that the relative success of this game, which was staged for several years, helped lead to the domed stadium era which began with the opening of the Houston Astrodome in 1965. The Astrodome in turn led to the development of the artificial turf playing surface required to make the indoor game truly practicable. (The Houston Oilers did not move their games inside the Astrodome as soon it was completed; they continued to play outdoors until 1968.) Football played in domed stadiums such as the Astrodome, however, is not truly "indoor football", as the game as played in domed stadiums is essentially identical to that played outdoors.

[edit] Arena Football

While several attempts to make up a true indoor football game have been made since shortly after American football was developed, the first, and to this point at least only, version to meet with anything resembling true success and acceptance is Arena football, devised by Jim Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League. He devised his game on the back of a manila envelope while watching indoor soccer, another game derived from a sport traditionally played in a large outdoor venue. He worked on the game in the early 1980s, but put any plans for full development of it on hold while the United States Football League, an attempt to play traditional American football in a non-traditional (spring-summer) season, was in operation in 1983-1985. When the USFL ceased operations following an pyrrhic anti-trust suit against the NFL (the USFL won the case, but was awarded only $3 in damages), Foster saw his opportunity. He staged a "test game" in Rockford, Illinois in 1986 and put together a four-team league for a "demonstration season" in the spring of 1987, with games televised on ESPN. The relative success of this league, which remains in operation (although only one of the original four teams still exists: the Pittsburgh Gladiators, who are now the Tampa Bay Storm), led to the inevitable attempts at imitation.

To adapt to the smaller indoor playing surface, which was half the length of the traditional 100 yard field and about half the width as well, with eight yard rather than ten yard end zones, Foster reduced the number of players in the game at one time from eleven to eight per team, and mandated that at least six of them go "both ways", playing on both offensive and defensive downs. This additionally had the desirable effect of limiting roster sizes and team payrolls.

There were numerous other rules designed to help the offense and ensure high-scoring games. Two are most noteworthy: the banning of punting, meaning that if a team felt it was not likely to get a first down after three plays its only kicking option was to attempt a field goal, even if it were of the very unlikely distance of 60 yards or more; and the placing of rebound nets around the ends of the playing surface. Kicked and passed balls bouncing off of these nets are still in play. In the case of a pass, the ball is live only until it touches the ground, but in the case of an unsuccessful field goal or a kickoff, the ball remains in play unless it goes out of bounds or until the player recovering it is downed by contact or scores. This means that on every kicking play except an extra point attempt, either team may have a shot to regain the ball and advance it, much as a blocked kick could be in the traditional outdoor game. Only kicked or passed balls touching the slack nets behind the goalposts (which were only about half of the traditional width) are ruled dead at that point.

In 1990, Foster patented the rules of Arena football, meaning that only persons authorized by him could use his rules and his name for the sport. The patent specifically covered the rebound net feature, meaning that competitors and imitators who attempted to copy the game couldn't use this aspect of the rules.^[1] However, under provisions of U.S. patent law, Foster's patent expired on September 30, 2007, enabling imitators to use his rebound nets (at least as originally envisioned, without other innovations that he may have patented).

[edit] Other pro leagues

Several other indoor leagues have been announced without ever actually commencing play, or operating only briefly with a handful of teams. (At least most of these leagues are compiled in the list below, including all which attempted to operate on anything resembling a nationwide level.) Like the Arena Football League, all of these operations contemplated their playing season as being entirely or primarily outside the traditional fall/early winter season of the older sport so as not to be competing with it directly for fan support. Some were apparently attempts to form a second "major" league of indoor football while others were strictly efforts to form a new "minor" league. The common factor all seemed to share was serious undercapitalization.

The most remarkable development of recent years, other than Arena's signing of a major network television broadcasting contract with NBC, is the development of the official Arena minor league, af2, beginning in 2000. This effort has served two purposes: one as a developmental league for Arena and as a place where former collegiate players could develop while at the same time learning and becoming accustomed to the unique Arena rules, and secondly as a pre-emptive way of shutting out potential new indoor football competitors (this was especially important as the 2007 expiration of Foster's patent on the rebound nets approached). At times over forty teams have participated in this league, almost uniformly in cities which also have minor league ice hockey teams and hence suitable arenas.

There are a number of other indoor leagues, all of which differ from af2 mainly in that they don't use the Arena-patented rebound nets. Over the first decade of indoor football, there has been a pattern of instability. Each off-season has seen teams jumping from league to league. In addition, leagues have annually merged, changed names, and separated. The league that will enter the 2007 season as the American Indoor Football Association has gone through three names in its three seasons.

Many leagues have also been plagued with internal dissension. For example, the NIFL has been characterized by annual issues between teams and league owner Carolyn Shiver, while the APFL ended its 2006 season with a forfeit of the championship game when the league offices refused to allow the championship game to be hosted at the home of the team who had won the right to host and refused to play the game.

However, other leagues, such as UIF and the CIFL have become relatively stable leagues, obtaining decent attendance figures and having a minimum number of problems.

[edit] Style of play

Play in all forms of indoor football has tended to emphasize the forward passing game at the expense of rushing the football. Whereas in a typical National Football League game perhaps half of the total offensive plays are rushing plays and 35 or 40 per cent of all of the yardage gained comes from rushing plays, in Arena and other indoor football it is far more common for rushing plays to constitute only 10 per cent of the offense, or even less in some instances.

[edit] Connection to NFL

Probably the most notable player to come out of indoor football into the National Football League is Kurt Warner, former MVP quarterback of the Super Bowl XXXIV champion (2000 game, 1999 season) St. Louis Rams, who had previously quarterbacked the former Iowa Barnstormers of the AFL. The National Football League has removed a ban that had been in place on any of its owners owning teams in any other sort of football operation with respect to Arena football only, and several of them have bought or started Arena teams. However, the NFL allowed to lapse an option it had negotiated allowing it to purchase up to 49% of Arena football, and as of early 2007 seemed to have backed away from any plan it may have had to use Arena football as a developmental league in any sort of "official" sense, perhaps in the interest of not undermining its then-existing "official" developmental league, NFL Europa. This may possibly change after the NFL folded the money-losing NFL Europa after that league's 2007 season. Several NFL owners own Arena Football League teams in their own cities, including Jerry Jones and the Dallas Desperados (who have similar colors and logos to the Dallas Cowboys), Arthur Blank's Georgia Force, Tom Benson's New Orleans VooDoo and Pat Bowlen's Colorado Crush.

It is unlikely that the NFL will establish an official link to any such league. But with 17 teams in its major division, most located in major markets, and a strong minor league system which it controls itself, Arena Football is in good financial shape, and "indoor football" seems to have been more than just the passing fad that it was generally dismissed as only a few years ago.