India's "Look East" Policy
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India's "Look East" Policy represents its efforts to cultivate extensive economic and strategic relations with the nations of Southeast Asia in order to bolster its standing as a regional power and a counterweight to the strategic influence of the People's Republic of China.[1][2][3][4][5]
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[edit] Background
Ever since the Chinese invasion of Tibet and Sino-Indian War of 1962, China and India have been strategic competitors in South and East Asia.[3][6] China has cultivated close commercial and military relations with India's neighbour and rival Pakistan and competed for influence in Nepal and Bangladesh.[4][6][7] After Deng Xiaoping's rise to power in China in 1979, China began reducing threats of expansionsism and in turn cultivated extensive trade and economic relations with Asian nations. China became the closest partner and supporter of the military junta of Burma (also Union of Myanmar), which had been ostracised from the international community following the violent suppression of pro-democracy activities in 1988.[8][9]
India's "Look East" policy was developed and enacted during the governments of Prime Ministers of P.V. Narasimha Rao (1991 - 1996) and Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1998 - 2004).[2] Along with economic liberalisation and moving away from Cold War-era policies and activities, India's strategy has focused on forging close economic and commercial ties, increasing strategic and security cooperation and the emphasis of historic cultural and ideological links.[2][3] India sought to create and expand regional markets for trade, investments and industrial development.[3] It also began strategic and military cooperation with nations concerned by the expansion of China's economic and strategic influence.[1]
[edit] Relations with East Asian nations
Although it had traditionally supported Burma's pro-democracy movement for many years, India's policy changed in 1993, making friendly overtures to the military junta.[1] India signed trade agreements and increased its investments in Burma; although private sector activity remains low, India's state corporations have landed lucrative contracts for industrial projects and the construction of major roads and highways, pipelines and upgrading of ports.[7] India has also increased its competition with China over the harnessing of Burma's significant oil and natural gas reserves, seeking to establish a major and stable source of energy for its growing domestic needs, countering Chinese monopoly over Burmese resources and reducing dependence on oil-rich Middle Eastern nations. Although China remains Burma's largest military supplier,[1] India has offered to train Burma's military personnel and has sought their cooperation in curbing separatist militants and the heavy drug trafficking affecting much of Northeast India.[7] China's winning of contracts harnessing more than 2.88-3.56 trillion cubits of natural gas in the A-1 Shwe field in the Rakhine State and development of naval and surveillance installations along Burma's coast and the Coco Islands has provoked great concern and anxiety in India, which has stepped up its investment in port development, energy, transport and military sectors.[10][8]
India has also established strong commercial, cultural and military ties with the Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam and Cambodia.[2] India signed free trade agreements with Sri Lanka and Thailand and stepped up its military cooperation with them as well. It has forged numerous free trade agreements with East Asian economies, including a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement with Singapore and an Early Harvest Scheme with Thailand, while it is negotiating agreements with Japan, South Korea, and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states. Ties have been strengthened with Taiwan, Japan and South Korea over common emphasis on democracy, human rights and strategic interests. South Korea and Japan remain amongst the major sources of foreign investment in India.[3]
While India has remained a staunch supporter of the "One China" policy and recognised the People's Republic of China on the mainland over the Republic of China authorities on Taiwan, it has, nevertheless, pursued a policy of increasing engagement with the island.[4] India has stepped up engagement with East Asia fueled by its need for cooperation on counter-terrorism, humanitarian relief, anti-piracy, maritime and energy security, confidence-building and balancing the influence of other powers, notably China. Driven by the fact that more than 50% of India's trade passes through the Malacca Strait, the Indian navy has established a Far Eastern Naval Command off Port Blair on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. India has also been conducting joint naval exercises with Singapore (SIMBEX) since 1993, with Vietnam in 2000 and has engaged in joint patrols with Indonesia in the Andaman Sea since 2002.[4] Japan and India were also members of the tsunami relief regional core group in the Indian Ocean in 2004 along with Australia and the United States.[4]
[edit] Relations with China
While India and China remain strategic rivals, India's "Look East" policy has included significant rapprochement with China. Since 1993, India began holding high-level talks with Chinese leaders and established Confidence-building measures. In 2006, China and India opened the Nathu La Pass for cross-border trade for the first time since the 1962 war.[11] On November 21, 2006 Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and the Chinese President Hu Jintao issued a 10-point joint declaration to improve ties and resolve long-standing conflicts.[12] Trade between China and India increases by 50% each year, and is set to reach the $60 billion target set for 2010 by both Indian and Chinese governments and industrial leaders.[13] However, China's close relations with Pakistan and border disputes in Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh have threatened the improvement in bilateral relations.[14] India's support for the exiled Tibetan religious leader, the Dalai Lama also causes some friction in bilateral ties.[15]
[edit] Participation in organisations
India has developed multilateral organisations such as the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation and BIMSTEC, forging extensive cooperation on environmental, economic development, security and strategic affairs, permitting the growth of influence beyond South Asia and without the tense and obstructive presence of Pakistan and China that has stalled its efforts in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.[2][4][2] India became a sectoral dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992, a full dialogue partner in 1995, a member of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific, a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1996, and a summit level partner (on par with China, Japan and Korea) in 2002.[4] The first India-ASEAN Business Summit was held in New Delhi in 2002. India also acceded to ASEAN's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in 2003.[4]
In many cases, India's membership to these forums has been a result of attempts by the region to balance China's growing influence in the area. Notably, Japan brought India into ASEAN+6 to dilute the ASEAN+3 process, where China is dominant, while Singapore and Indonesia played a significant role in bringing India into the East Asia Summit.[4] The United States and Japan have also lobbied for India's membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.[4] Numerous infrastructure projects also serve to tie India closer to East Asia. India is participating in the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific initiatives for an Asian Highway Network and the Trans-Asian Railway Network.[4] Discussions are also proceeding on reopening the World War II-era Stilwell Road linking India's Assam state with China's Yunnan province through Myanmar.[4]
[edit] Assessment
Commerce with South and East Asian nations accounts for almost 45% of India's foreign trade.[3] Although its efforts have met with considerable success, India trails China in the volume of trade and economic ties it enjoys with the nations of the region.[5] India's cultivation of friendly relations with the military regime of Burma and its reluctance to criticise or pressure it over human rights violations and suppression of democracy has evoked much criticism at home and abroad, denting its credentials as the region's leading democracy.[16][5] Its efforts with Burma have achieved limited success, with Burmese cooperation against insurgent groups uncertain and China's role in harnessing Burma's energy resources expanding fast.[5]
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d Myanmar shows India the road to Southeast Asia
- ^ a b c d e f India's "Look East" Policy Pays Off
- ^ a b c d e f India's Look East Policy
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l India's Look East Policy (2)
- ^ a b c d India's Look East Policy (3)
- ^ a b Sino-Indian relations
- ^ a b c India-Nepal Treaty
- ^ a b Sino-Myanmar Relations: Analysis and Prospects by Lixin Geng, The Culture Mandala, Vol. 7, no. 2, December 2006
- ^ Shambaugh, David (2006). Power Shift: China and Asia's New Dynamics. University of California Press, 218. ISBN 978-0520245709.
- ^ India and China compete for Burma's resources
- ^ "India-China trade link to reopen", BBC News, 19-06-2006. Retrieved on 31-01-2007.
- ^ India-China relations: Ten-pronged strtegy
- ^ India, China to meet trade target by 2010
- ^ India and China row over border
- ^ In China, Pranab to take up the stress in ties
- ^ India's Burma Silence Says Volumes
