Inattentional blindness
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Inattentional blindness, also known as perceptual blindness, is the phenomenon of not being able to see things that are actually there. This can be a result of having no internal frame of reference to perceive the unseen objects, or it can be the result of the mental focus or attention which cause mental distractions. The phenomenon is due to how our minds see and process information. Closely related to the subject of change blindness, is an observed phenomenon of the inability to perceive features in a visual scene when the observer is not attending to them. That is to say that humans have a limited capacity for attention which thus limits the amount of information processed at any particular time. Any otherwise salient feature within the visual field will not be observed if not processed by attention.
Also related to this is the phenomena of blind people who later in life gain sight. Their processing of the visual stimuli does not allow them to identify objects easily, effectively they can see but are still perceptually blind.
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[edit] Experiments demonstrating inattentional blindness
The term inattentional blindness was coined by Arien Mack and Irvin Rock in 1992. It was used as the title of Rock's last text published in 1998 by the MIT Press.
The most well known study demonstrating inattentional blindness was conducted by Daniel Simons of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Christopher Chabris of Harvard University. Their study, a contemporized version of earlier studies conducted by Ulric Neisser , asked subjects to watch a short video in which two groups of people (wearing black and white t-shirts) pass a basketball back among themselves. The subjects are told to either count the number of passes made by one of the teams, or to keep count of bounce passes vs. aerial passes. In different versions of the video a woman walks through the scene carrying an umbrella, or wearing a full gorilla suit. In one version the woman in the gorilla suit even stops in the middle, faces the camera, and pounds her chest before walking out of the scene. After watching the video the subjects are asked if they saw anything out of the ordinary take place. In most groups 50% of the subjects did not report seeing the gorilla. Simons interprets this by stating that we are mistaken with regard to how important events will automatically draw our attention away from current tasks or goals. This result indicates that the relationship between what is in our visual field and perception is based much more significantly on attention than was previously thought.
Another experiment was carried out by Steve Most, Chabis and Scholl. They had objects moving randomly on a computer screen. Participants were instructed to attend to the black objects and ignore the white, or vice versa. After several trials, a red cross unexpectedly appeared and traveled across the display, remaining on the computer screen for five seconds. The results of the experiment showed that even though the cross was distinctive from the black and white objects both in color and shape, about a third of participants nonetheless missed it. They had found that people may be attentionally tuned to certain perceptual dimensions, such as brightness or shape.
[edit] Current research
A good review is Chun & Marois (2002) The dark side of visual attention. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Volume 12, Issue 2, 1 April 2002, Pages 184-189
[edit] Exploitations
Inattentional blindness is exploited by illusionists in the presentation of "magic shows" in the performance of some tricks by focusing the audience attention upon some distractive element, away from elements of the scene under manipulation by the performer. This is called misdirection amongst magicians. A good example is Derren Brown who repeats several of the original change blindness experiments, including the person change trick, where someone is asked to give directions to a 'lost' tourist clutching a map. Something like a door or a large object is passed between them by some workmen. When the door or object has gone past, the person who is asking for directions and clutching the map has changed. In the original experiments, about 50% of people didn't notice this.
