IMRAD

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007)

IMRAD is an acronym for Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion. It relates to the standard main structure of a scientific paper, which typically includes these four sections in this order:

• Introduction - why and where was the study undertaken? What was the purpose?
• Methods & Materials - how was the study done? What materials and methods were used?
• Results - what did the study find?
• Discussion - what might it mean, why does it matter, what next? And, last but not least; How does it fit in with what other researchers have found?

Many scientific journals prefer this main structure for their articles. The IMRAD structure is explicitly recommended in the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication" issued by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). It is briefly presented in section IV.A.1.a. of the 2007 version of their highly influential Vancouver guidelines:

The text of observational and experimental articles is usually (but not necessarily) divided into sections with the headings Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. This so-called “IMRAD” structure is not simply an arbitrary publication format, but rather a direct reflection of the process of scientific discovery. Long articles may need subheadings within some sections (especially the Results and Discussion sections) to clarify their content. Other types of articles, such as case reports, reviews, and editorials, are likely to need other formats.

Even if the IMRAD main structure disposition originate in the empirical sciences, it now appears as a possible article format in academic journals in all kinds of disciplines. The IMRAD structure is also recommended in the 5th edition of the publication manual of the American Psychological Association (APA style). A main explanation for the success of the quite rigid and superficial IMRAD structure is found in the modern researchers need for speed when reviewing literature in their field, as the format allows the reader to pick those parts of the article that is of particular interest to the readers purpose.