IJN 6th Fleet

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The IJN 6th Fleet (第六艦隊 (日本海軍) Dai-roku Kantai?) was a fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, primarily responsible for command of submarine operations.

Contents

[edit] History

The IJN 6th Fleet was formed on 15 November 1940, and was assigned general control of all Japanese submarine operations. Its initial mission was reconnaissance off the west coast of the United States, east coast of Australia, and the sea lanes of the Indian Ocean.

[edit] Background

Prior to World War II, Japan had a very diverse and technically advanced submarine fleet, including the only submarines of over 5,000 tons submerged displacement, or submarines over 400 feet in length until the advent of nuclear power. Japan was also unique in that it built 41 submarines that could carry aircraft: something no other nation had yet produced. Japan also had submarines with the longest ranges and highest speeds of any nation. With the development of the Type 95 submarine-launched variant of the Long Lance oxygen-propelled Japan not only had the world's most advanced torpedo, but one with the largest warhead.[1]

However, despite numerous technical advantages, Japanese submarines achieved remarkably little during World War II. This was primarily due to the antiquated strategy of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff, which viewed submarines as little more than scouts, whose main role was to locate and shadow enemy naval task forces in preparation for a decisive surface conflict. [2]

[edit] Early stages of the Pacific War

At the start of the Pacific War, Midget submarines were used in preparatory reconnaissance of the US Navy anchorage at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and in the initial stages of the attack on Pearl Harbor. With the outbreak of general war, the mission of the IJN 6th Fleet expanded to include shipping interdiction and mine laying. A few specialized missions, such as the Attack on Sydney Harbour with the use of midget submarines were also undertaken. The IJN 6th fleet cooperated briefly with the German Navy in the Indian Ocean in operations to interdict British commerce from its base in Penang, but these missions were a minority. The Navy General Staff placed more emphasis on ambush operations of Allied capital ships. In 1942, Japanese submarines were credited with sinking two aircraft carriers, one cruiser and several destroyers, as well as damaging one aircraft carrier and two battleships. [3]

However, the success of 1942 could not be repeated in 1943, due to increased anti-submarine capabilities by the US Navy and to the vast scale of the Pacific conflict, which made it difficult for a submarine to be in “right place at the right time” to make a successful attack.

[edit] Latter stages of the Pacific War

After 1942, the Navy General Staff also gave very little support to continued commerce interdiction or ambush operations. Instead, submarines came to be increasingly used (especially after massive Japanese surface vessel losses in the Solomon Islands campaign for transport of critical supplies and reinforcements to the starving garrisons on isolated islands. The Japanese Navy expended hundreds of sorties on such missions, which might have otherwise been used offensively against the Allied war effort.

In the meantime, continuous developments in anti-submarine warfare by the US Navy resulted in ever-increasing losses for Japan's submarine fleet. Japan started the war with 63 ocean-going submarines (not including midgets), and completed 111 during the war, for a total of 174. Of this total, 128 vessels were lost during the conflict. Most of the survivors were either training vessels, or were else recently completed by the end of the war and never saw combat. Of the 30 submarines that supported the Pearl Harbor attack, none survived the war. [4]

Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands was the main base for Japanese submarine operations in the Pacific until it fell to the Americans in February 1944. IJN 6th fleet headquarters was relocated to Saipan in the Mariana Islands, which the fell to the Americans in July 1944 with the death of IJN 6th fleet commander in chief Admiral Takeo Takagi and most of his staff. The remnants of the IJN 6th fleet were based at Ulithi Atoll in the Caroline Islands until the end of the war.

Japan's submarine forces were unable to provide much support during the Battle of the Philippines due to increased vigilance by the American fleet. In the final stages of the war, surviving submarines were largely used as carriers for kaiten suicide missions. [5]

The final sortie of the IJN 6th fleet was after the termination of the war, when the super submarine Japanese submarine I-401 returned to Yokosuka from Ulithi.

[edit] Organization of the IJN 6th Fleet (original)

  • 2nd Submarine Squadron
    • Japanese cruiser Isuzu
      • 1st Submarine Flotilla (I-74, I-75)
      • 11th Submarine Flotilla (I-68, I-69, I-70)
      • 20th Submarine Flotilla (I-71, I-72, I-73)
  • 3rd Submarine Squadron
    • Japanese submarine tender Chozame
      • 7th Submarine Flotilla (I-1, I-2, I-3)
      • 8th Submarine Flotilla (I-4, I-5, I-6)

[edit] Commanders of the IJN 6th Fleet

Commander in chief[6]

Rank Name Date
1 Vice-Admiral Noboru Hirata 15 Nov 1940 - 21 Jul 1941
2 Vice-Admiral Mizumi Shimizu 21 Jul 1941 - 16 Mar 1942
3 Vice-Admiral Marquis Teruhisa Komatsu 16 Mar 1942 - 21 Jun 1943
4 Vice-Admiral Takeo Takagi 21 Jun 1943 - 10 Jul 1944
5 Vice-Admiral Shigeyoshi Miwa 10 Jul 1944 - 1 May 1945
6 Vice-Admiral Marquis Tadashige Daigo 1 May 1945 - 15 Sep 1945

Chief of staff

Rank Name Date
1 Vice-Admiral Hisashi Ichioka 15 Nov 1940 - 6 Jan 1941
2 Vice-Admiral Hisashi Mito 6 Jan 1941 - 22 Oct 1942
3 Rear Admiral Hisagoro Shimamoto 22 Oct 1942 - 15 Nov 1943
4 Rear Admiral Kozo Nishina 15 Nov 1943 - 21 Dec 1944
5 Rear Admiral Hankyu Sasaki 21 Dec 1944 - 15 Sep 1945

[edit] References

[edit] Books

  • Boyd, Carl (1995). The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557500150. 
  • D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN 0-8159-5302-X. 
  • Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941-1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-097-1. 
  • Polmar, Norman (1978). Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870216821. 

[edit] External links

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Polar, Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy
  2. ^ Boyd, Japanese Submarine Force in World War II
  3. ^ Dull, A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy
  4. ^ D'Albas, Death of a Navy
  5. ^ Parshall, Combinedfleet.com
  6. ^ Wendel, Axis History Database
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