Hyeong
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The Korean terms hyeong, pumsae and teul (meaning "form" or "pattern") are all used to refer to martial arts forms that are typically used in Korean martial arts. Hyeong is often romanized as hyung; pumsae is often romanized as poomsae or poomse; and teul is often romanized as tul.
A hyeong is a performance of a sequence of typical techniques from the martial art, either with or without the use of a weapon. This sequence is sometimes called "imaginary fighting" as it involves pre-determined and choreographed routines, sequences and patterns which resemble real combat, but are artistically non-combative or cooperative. These hyeong are performed as a way of practising basic and advanced techniques in the martial art as well as in open competitions. In competition, routines are evaluated by a panel of master-level judges who base the score on many factors including energy, precision, speed, and control.
Many Korean martial arts refer to their forms as hyeong. The most popular of these is taekwondo, though Tang Soo Do (a similar martial art) also refers to its forms as hyeong. Of these forms, there are two classifications: creative and standard. Creative forms are created by the performer and are generally more acrobatic in nature. (As an example, a performer may break several boards that have been arranged in a shape.) The early standard forms are more true to the original martial art basics of their time period.
[edit] Early taekwondo forms
There are many different taekwondo organizations, and there are many differences in the forms used in these organizations. Some schools may use a mixture of two or more sets of forms, whereas other schools strictly adhere to just one set of forms. In addition, sometimes a school will incorporate some forms that have been developed by the masters of their school into their training while still adhering to the original set of forms. The first kwan (or school) of taekwondo, called Chung Do Kwan, was formed in 1944. This school, like all the kwans, practiced the Okinawan/Japanese Heian (Pyongahn) set you see below in the Tang Soo Do section, along with a few variant forms.
[edit] Chang Hon hyeong
Schools that follow the ITF standards typically use the Chang Hon 창헌 (also called Chang Hun, Chang 'On or Chon-Ji) forms that were developed by General Choi Hong Hi, Nam Tae Hi and Han Cha Kyo and that have their roots in the Oh Do Kwan.[1] With the Oh Do Kwan in charge of the taekwondo training in the Korean military, the "Chang Hon hyeong" set of forms spread widely, and they are seen in many taekwondo organizations.
[edit] Official ITF Syllabus
The pattern names below are shown with Revised Romanization spellings; however, the traditional spellings are shown in parentheses if they vary from the modern standard, since those patterns have long been known with those spellings.
[edit] Cheon-Ji
천지 / 天地 - 19 movements
Literally, Cheon-Ji (or Chon-Ji) means "heaven and earth" and refers to the creation of the world or the beginning of human history.
[edit] Dan-Gun
단군 / 檀君 - 21 movements
Dan-Gun is named after the holy Dangun, the legendary founder of Korea in 2333 BC. Unusually for a teul, all the punches in Dan-Gun are high section (at eye level), symbolising Dangun scaling a mountain.
[edit] Do-San
도산 / 島山 - 24 movements
Do-San is a pseudonym of the patriot Ahn Chang-ho. The 24 movements represent his entire life, which he devoted to furthering education in Korea and the Korean independence movement.
[edit] Won-Hyo
원효 / 元曉 - 28 movements
This pattern is named after the noted monk Wonhyo who introduced Buddhism to the Silla Dynasty in the year 686 AD.
[edit] Yul-Gok
율곡 / 栗谷 - 38 movements
Yul-Gok is a pseudonym of a great philosopher and scholar Yi I nicknamed the "Confucius of Korea". The 38 movements of this pattern refer to his birthplace on 38-degree latitude and the diagram of the pattern represents scholar.
[edit] Jung-Geun
중근 / 重根 - 32 movements
Jung-Geun (or Joong-Gun) is named after the patriot Ahn Joong-Gun who assassinated Itō Hirobumi, the first Japanese governor-general of Korea, known as the man who played the leading part in the Korea-Japan merger. There are 32 movements in this pattern to represent Mr Ahn's age when he was executed at Lui-Shung Prison in 1910.
[edit] Toi-Gye
퇴계 / 退溪 - 37 movements
Toi-Gye is the pen name of the noted scholar Yi Hwang (16 century AD), an authority on neo-Confucianism. The 37 movements of the pattern refer to his birthplace on 37-degree latitude, the diagram represents "scholar" as in the Yul-Gok hyeong.
[edit] Hwa-Rang
화랑 / 花郎 - 29 movements
Hwa-Rang is named after the Hwarang youth group which originated in the Silla Dynasty in the early 7th century. The group eventually became the actual driving force for the unification of the three Kingdoms of Korea. The 29 movements refer to the 29th infantry Division, where Taekwondo developed into maturity.
[edit] Chung-Mu
충무 / 忠武 - 30 movements
Chung-Mu (or Choong-Moo) was the name given to the great Admiral Yi Sun-sin of the Yi Dynasty. He was reputed to have invented the first armored battleship (kobukson) in 1592, which is said to be the precursor the present day submarine. The reason this pattern ends with a left hand attack is to symbolize his regrettable death having no chance to show his unrestrained potentiality checked by the forced reservation of his loyalty to the King.
[edit] Gwang-Gae
광개 / 廣開 - 39 movements
Gwang-Gae (or Kwang-Gae) is named after the famous Kwang-Gae-Toh-Wang, the 19th king of the Goguryeo Dynasty, who achieved the greatest territorial expansion including the greater part of Manchuria. The diagram of the form represents the expansion and recovery of lost territory. The 39 movements refer to the first two figures of 391 AD, the year he came to the throne.
[edit] Po-Eun
포은 / 圃隱 - 36 movements
Po-Eun is the pseudonym of a loyal subject Chong-Mong-Chu who was a distinguished scholar of neo-Confucianism during the Goryeo Dynasty. His poem "I would not serve a second master though I might be crucified a hundred times" is known to every Korean. The diagram, which is simply a straight line represents his unerring loyalty to the king and his country.
[edit] Gye-Baek
계백 / 階伯 - 44 movements
The Gye-Baek (or Gae-Baek) hyeong has 44 Movements. Gae-Baek is named after Gyebaek, a great general in the Baekje Dynasty. The diagram represents his severe and strict military discipline.
[edit] Eui-Am
의암 / 義菴 - 45 movements
Eui-Am is the pseudonym of Son Byong Hi, leader of the Korean independence movement on March 1, 1919. The 45 movements refer to his age when he changed the name of his religion from Dong Hak (oriental learning) to Chondogyo (Heavenly Way Religion) in 1905. The diagram represents his indomitable spirit, displayed while dedicating himself to the prosperity of his nation. (This pattern normally resides between Gae-Baek and Yoo-Sin)
[edit] Chung-Jang
충장 / 忠壯 - 52 movements
Chung-Jang (or Choong-Jang) is the pseudonym given to General Kim Duk Ryang who lived during the Yi Dynasty, 14th century. This pattern ends with a left hand attack to symbolize the tragedy of his death at 27 in prison before he was able to reach full maturity.
[edit] Go-Dang
고당 - 39 movements
Go-Dang (or Ko-Dang) was one of the original 24 patterns created by General Choi. In the early 1980s, however, Kodang was removed from the official syllabus by General Choi and replaced by a new pattern which he named Juche. Although no longer part of official ITF Taekwondo, Kodang is still included in the syllabi of many Taekwondo organisations. In those organisations where it is still taught, it is generally taught to students at the level of second dan black belt. It consists of a sequence of 39 individual techniques. Although some sources lead to the deduction that Kodang is exactly the same pattern as Juche, they are in fact two completely different patterns.
[edit] Sam-Il
삼일 / 三一 - 33 movements
Sam-Il name refers to the historic March 1st Movement, the biggest nation-wide Korean independence movement against the imperial Japan in 1919. The 33 movements in the pattern represent for the 33 patriots who planned the movement.
[edit] Yu-Sin
유신 / 庾信 - 68 movements
Yu-Sin (or Yoo-Sin) is named after General Kim Yu-Sin, a commanding general during the Silla Dynasty who played an important role in the merger of Goguryeo and Baekje by Silla. The 68 movements refer to the last two figures of 668 AD the year the three kingdoms were unified. The ready posture signifies a sword drawn to the right rather than the left side, symbolizing Yoo Sin's mistake of following his king's orders to fight with foreign forces (Tang Dynasty of China) against his own people (Goguryeo and Baik-je).
[edit] Choe-Yeong
최영 / 崔榮 - 45 movements
Choe-Yeong (or Choi-Yong) is named after General Choe Yong, Premier and Commander-in Chief of the armed forces during the 14th century Goryeo Dynasty. Choi Yong was greatly respected for his loyalty, patriotism, and humility. He was executed by subordinate commanders headed by General Yi Seonggye, who later became the first king of the Joseon Dynasty.
[edit] Yeon-Gae
연개 / 淵蓋 - 49 movements
Yeon-Gae (or Yon-Gae) is named after the famous general Yon Gae Somoon during the Goguryeo Dynasty. He defended Goguryeo from the aggression of the Tang Dynasty by destroying nearly 300,000 of their troops at Ansi Sung. (This pattern normally resides between Choi Yong and Se-Jong)
[edit] Eul-Ji
을지 / 乙支 - 42 movements
Eul-Ji (or Ul-Ji) is named after general Eulji Mundeok who successfully defended Goguryeo against a Sui invasion force of over one million soldiers led by Yang Je in 612AD. By employing hit and run guerilla tactics, he was able to destroy the majority of the force. The diagram of the hyeong represents his surname. The 42 movements represent the author's age when he designed the pattern.
[edit] Mun-Mu
문무 / 文武 - 61 movements
Mun-Mu (or Moon-Moo) honors King Munmu, the 30th king of the Silla Dynasty, who completed the unification of the three kingdoms (Goguryeo, Baik-je, Silla). His body was buried near Dae Wang Am (Great King's Rock). According to his will, the body was placed in the sea "Where my soul shall forever defend my land against the Japanese". The 61 movements in this pattern symbolize the last two figures of 661 AD when Munmu came to the throne. (This pattern normally resides between Choi Yong and Sea-Jong)
[edit] Seo-San
서산 / 西山 - 72 movements
Seo-San (or So-San) is the pseudonym of the great monk Choi Hyong Ung during the Joseon Dynasty. The 72 movements refer to his age when he organized a corps of monk soldiers with the assistance of his pupil Sa Myung Dang. The monk soldiers helped repulse the Japanese pirates who overran most of the Korean peninsula in 1592. (This pattern normally resides between Choi Yong and Sea-Jong)
[edit] Se-Jong
세종 / 世宗 - 24 movements
This pattern is named after Se-Jong who was the 4th King of the Yi Dynasty. He was known for his many great achievements in domestic and foreign affairs, diplomacy, defence matters and culture. His most remarkable achievement was his invention of "Hangeul", the Korean Alphabet. The 24 movements of this pattern represent the 24 letters of the "Hangeul".
[edit] Tong-Il
통일 / 統一 - 56 movements
Tong-Il means "unification" which is the ultimate goal of all Koreans. Korea used to be one country, but was divided into North and South Korea in 1945 by the ideological conflict between the USSR and the USA after World War II. Yon Mu Sun, the diagram of this pattern symbolizes the North and South becoming one.
[edit] Unofficial ITF Syllabus
[edit] Chul-Gi
25 movements
Chul-Gi literally means Iron Horse and stresses techniques performed in a horse/riding stance. Chul-Gi is Japanese in origin and practiced by many martial arts styles. Chul-Gi is known as Naihanchi in Okinawan Karate and as Tekki in Shotokan Karate. (This pattern normally resides between Hwa-Rang and Choong-Moo)
[edit] Bassai
29 movements
Bassai is also Japanese in origin and is practiced in Taekwondo and Tang Soo Do (tangsudo) as well as many Japanese and Okinawan Karate styles. Bassai is also known as Balsek. Bassai is often translated as "to break down the fortress". The Korean pronunciation of the characters that make up Bassai is "Patsai". It is usually associated with the Cobra, because of the quick, snapping motions of the techniques. (This pattern normally resides between Choong-Moo and Kwang-Gae)
[edit] Juche
주체 / 主體 - 45 movements
The Juche hyeong has 45 movements. Juche is a philosophical idea that man is the master of everything and decides everything. In other words, the idea that man is that master of the world and his own destiny. It is said that this idea was rooted in Baekdu Mountain, which symbolize the spirit of the Korean people. The diagram represents Baekdu Mountain, which is the highest mountain in Korea. (General Choi replaced Ko-Dang with this pattern.)
[edit] Pumsae
The Kukkiwon uses the word pumsae for form. Pumsae philosophy originate from the book 'I Ching', a Chinese oracle. The I Ching has 64 hexagrams, a combination of two sets of three lines, closed or broken. The sets of three lines are called trigrams. The closed lines represent Yang, the open lines Yin. In the Chinese language, the unity of Yin and Yang is called 'taich'i'. In the Korean language, the unity is called Tae-geuk. This explains the term pumsae Taegeuk. The eight trigrams together are called Pal-gwe as in pumsae Palgwe.
Most Kukkiwon schools will use the pumsae Taegeuk whereas a few schools will use the pumsae Palgwe. The meanings, trigrams and symbols are shared by both pumsae Taegeuk and pumsae Palgwe, however the sequence of movements is different. The first 8 forms of the set of pumsae differ from each other, whereas the last 9 forms of the set are shared between the two sets.
Palgwe pumsae were used from 1967 to 1971. Taegeuk pumsae have been in use from 1971 to the present time. Kukkiwon states that Palgwe pumsae have been eliminated.
The official forms for Kukki-Taekwondo, as mandated by the Kukkiwon (World Taekwondo Headquarters), are the Taegeuk pumsae. Pumsae is sometimes written as poomse; however this would lead to an incorrect pronunciation as the Hangeul for the term uses the same Jamo as the Tae in Taekwondo, not the sound "Sey" (comparison: Teh-kwon-do not Tay-kwon-do nor Tie-kwon-do). However, many dialects of Korean pronounce the jamo ae and e almost identically. The Hanja for pumsae is 品勢, and means "Quality Shapes of Strength"
[edit] Taegeuk Il Jang/Palgwe Il Jang
The general meaning of this form and associated trigram is Yang, which represents Heaven and Light. Also, this trigram has a relationship to South and Father. The first Taegeuk form is the beginning of all pumsaes, the "birth" of the martial artist into Taekwondo. This pumsae should be performed with the greatness of Heaven.
[edit] Taegeuk Yi Jang/Palgwe Yi Jang
The associated trigram of this pumsae represents the Lake. Also, related to the symbol is South East and the relationship of the youngest daughter. The movements of this Taegeuk/Palgwe are aimed to be performed believing that man has limitations, but that we can overcome these limitations. The Lake and its water symbolize the flowing and calm nature of the martial artist. This form is to reflect those attributes.
[edit] Taegeuk Sam Jang/Palgwe Sam Jang
This trigram represents Fire. Related to this symbol is also East and the relationship of the Second Daughter. Fire contains a lot of energy. The symbol behind the fire is similar to the symbolism of the water in that both can aid and both can destroy. This form is intended to be performed rhythmically, with some outbursts of energy to reflect fire's rhythmic and energetic dualism.
[edit] Taegeuk Sa Jang/Palgwe Sa Jang
This trigram represents Thunder. Also, the trigram is strongly connected to northeast and the relationship of the Eldest son. Thunder comes from the sky and is absorbed by the earth, thus, according to the beliefs of the I Ching, thunder is one of the most powerful natural forces. This pumsae is associated with power and the connection between the heavens and earth. This pumsae is intended to be performed with power resembling the Thunder for which it is named.
[edit] Taegeuk O Jang/Palgwe O Jang
The trigram associated with this pumsae represents Wind. The trigram is also related to southwest and the relationship with an eldest daughter. The I Ching promotes that wind is a gentle force, but can sometimes be furious, destroying everything in its path. As such, it is intended that this pumsae is performed like the wind: gently, but knowing the ability of mass destruction with a single movement. The performer and audience should be aware of the duality of the form.
[edit] Taegeuk Yook Jang/Palgwe Yook Jang
The trigram associated with this pumsae represents Water. Also, there is a relation to West and the relationship with a Second son. The movements of this pumsae are intended to be performed like water; flowing, powerful and cleansing. Sometimes standing still like water in a lake, sometimes thriving as a river, sometimes powerful like a waterfall. The water is to symbolize calm and cleansing, while also possessing the attribute of being violent and destructive.
[edit] Taegeuk Chil Jang/Palgwe Chil Jang
The trigram associated with this pumsae represents a Mountain. Also, it represents the northwest and youngest son. The symbolism behind the mountain is the indomitable and majestic nature that all mountains possess. This pumsae is intended to be performed with the feeling that all movements are this majestic due to their unconquerable nature.
[edit] Taegeuk Pal Jang/Palgwe Pal Jang
The trigram associated with this pumsae represents the Earth. Also, there is a representation of North and Mother. The associated trigram of this pumsae is Yin. Yin, here, represents the end of the beginning, the evil part of all that is good. This being the last of the pumsae Taegeuk, it represents the end of the circle and the cyclic nature of the Earth.
[edit] Koryo
Koryo, or Goryeo, is the name of an old Korean Dynasty. The people from the Goryeo defeated the Mongolian aggressors. It is intended that their spirit is reflected in the movements of the pumsae Koryo. Each movement of this pumsae represents the strength and energy needed to control the Mongols.
[edit] Keumgang
Keumgang means "diamond," symbolizing hardness. Keumgang is also the name of the most beautiful mountain in Korea, as well as the Keumgang warrior, named by Buddha. Thus, the themes of hardness, beauty, and pondering permeate this pumsae.
[edit] Taebaek
The legendary Dangun founded a nation in Taebaek, near Korea's biggest mountain Baekdoo. Baekdoo is a known symbol for Korea. The definition of the word taebaek is literally "lightness". Every movement in this pumsae is intended to be not only be exact and fast, but with determination and hardness resembling the mountain Baekdoo, the origin of the nation of Korea.
[edit] Pyongwon
The definition of Pyongwon is "stretch, vast plain." The name carries with it a connotation of being large and majestic.
[edit] Sipjin
Sipjin stands for ten symbols of longevity, which are Sun, Moon, Mountain, Water, Stone, Pine tree, Herb of eternal youth, Turtle, Deer, and Crane. This pumsae represents the endless development and growth by the basic idea of the ten symbols of longevity and the decimal system.
[edit] Jitae
This pumsae is derived from the meaning of the earth. All things evolve from and return to the earth, the earth is the beginning and the end of life, as reelected through the Yin and Yang.
[edit] Cheonkwon
Cheonkwon literally means 'sky'. In the pumsae, the sky symbolizes the ruler of the universe. According to belief, it is mysterious, infinite and profound. The motions of Cheonkwon are full of piety, vitality and reverence.
[edit] Hansoo
This pumsae is derived from the fluidity of water which easily adapts within nature. The symbol of the water repeats itself many times throughout all pumsae, hyeongs, and in martial arts in general.
[edit] Ilyo
The state of spiritual cultivation in Buddhism is called 'Ilyo' which means 'oneness'. In Ilyo, body and mind, spirit and substance, "I" and "you" are unified. The ultimate ideal of the martial art and pumsae can be found in this state. It is a discipline in which every movement is concentrated on leaving all materialistics thoughts, obsessions and external influences behind.
[edit] Tang Soo Do hyeong
There are several different Tang Soo Do organizations around the world, but they generally follow a similar course with regard to hyeong. Most TSD hyeong are related by borrowing from Japanese/Okinawan kata, with the names often directly translated from the Japanese.
[edit] Gicho/Kicho hyeong
Some schools teach new students the gicho/kicho, "basic" hyeong:
- (Gicho) Hyeong Il Bu
- (Gicho) Hyeong Ee Bu
- (Gicho) Hyeong Sam Bu
These hyeong are very basic, comprised of simple attacks in a very measured pace, easy for beginners to learn.
[edit] Pyong Ahn Hyeong
The pyong ahn/pyung ahn hyeong are a series of five forms cognate in many ways to the pinan kata series of karate. They are:
[edit] Pyong Ahn Cho Dan
The first of the pyong ahn series, much of this form is a combination of gicho hyeong il bu and ee bu. This form also employs low knife-hand blocks.
[edit] Pyong Ahn Ee Dan
This hyeong is typically one count/technique longer than the other low-rank forms, due to one of its techniques, a side kick, which is performed in two counts, the first to set up and the second to deliver. It is also one of the only low-level hyeong to have a yell on the last move. The most-often used technique in this hyeong is the middle knife-hand block.
[edit] Pyong Ahn Sam Dan
The third of the pyong ahn series, this is also the shortest. While the forms before it involve an I-structure for movement, this form instead goes along an inverted T-structure, cutting out several counts. Its series of outside-inside kicks to sideways elbow strikes and hammerfist strikes is its most recognizable feature. It also ends with a yell.
[edit] Pyong Ahn Sa Dan
This form starts out much like Pyong Ahn Ee Dan, except that where Pyong Ahn Ee Dan has closed fists on its first blocks, Pyong Ahn Sa Dan has open hands. It is cognate to the Shotokan kata Pinan Yondan.
[edit] Pyong Ahn O Dan
Cognate to Pinan Godan, this is the final hyeong of the series, as well as the most involved.
The phrase "pyong ahn" is often translated as "well-balanced" and "peaceful." These forms are usually taught after the gicho hyeong. They are said to represent the turtle.
[edit] Naihanchi/Naebojin/Keema hyeong
The Keema hyeong series are borrowed from the naihanchi series of karate, and in fact some schools use the name Naihanchi for these forms. The level at which they are taught varies, but their difficulty and technicality means that they are most often reserved for red/black belts, though not always directly after each other. Hwang Kee assigned the Horse to represent the form. They are:
- Naihanchi Cho Dan
- Naihanchi Ee Dan
- Naihanchi Sam Dan
[edit] Bassai/Passai/Palche/Bal Sak hyeong
The "Bassai" pattern, meaning "to penetrate a fortress," has cognates in both Chinese, Japanesen and Korean martial arts. Moreover, there are many variations upon the two Bassai hyeong present in TSD, Bassai(Palche) So and Bassai(Palche) Deh. Some schools only practice Palche De, the "greater" of the two forms. These are usually higher-belt forms. The animal these forms represent is the snake.
[edit] Sip Soo/Ship Soo hyeong
Meaning "Ten Hands," Ship Soo (or Sip Soo, depending on the Romanization) is cognate to the karate kata Jitte, though there are differences. Traditionally, this hyeong contains only hand techniques (it's name can be taken to mean "all hands"), but some styles of TSD do include kicking techniques. Its variations are many, and depend on the school, as with all hyeong. This form supposedly represents the bear.
[edit] Chinto/Jindo/Jinte hyeong
Jinte is a typically high-rank hyeong, whose hanja can be read as "Battle East". The hyeong requires balance with one legged techniques, and is often seen at tournament hyeong competitions.
ITF Tang Soo Do refers to the form as Jintae, instead of Chinto or Jindo.
[edit] Chil Sung and Yuk Ro hyeong
These two series of hyeong were created by Grandmaster Hwang Kee, who founded the Moo Duk Kwan organization.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Yates, Keith (1988). The Complete Book Of Tae Kwon Do Forms. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press. ISBN 978-0873644921.
- ^ Choi Hong Hi. The Encyclopedia of Tae Kwon Do (15 volumes). International Taekwondo Federation.
