Hydrolase

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In biochemistry, a hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. For example, an enzyme that catalyzed the following reaction is a hydrolase:

A–B + H₂O → A–OH + B–H

[edit] Nomenclature

Systematic names of hydrolases are formed as "substrate hydrolase." However, common names are typically in the form "substratease." For example, a nuclease is a hydrolase that cleaves nucleic acids.

[edit] Classification

Hydrolases are classified as EC 3 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Hydrolases can be further classified into several subclasses, based upon the bonds they act upon:

• EC 3.1: ester bonds (esterases: nucleases, phosphodiesterases, lipase, phosphatase)
• EC 3.2: sugars (glycosylases/DNA glycosylases, glycoside hydrolase)
• EC 3.3: ether bonds
• EC 3.4: peptide bonds (Proteases/peptidases)
• EC 3.5: carbon-nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds
• EC 3.6: acid anhydrides (acid anhydride hydrolases, including helicases and GTPase)
• EC 3.7: carbon-carbon bonds
• EC 3.8: halide bonds
• EC 3.9: phosphorus-nitrogen bonds
• EC 3.10: sulfur-nitrogen bonds
• EC 3.11: carbon-phosphorus bonds
• EC 3.12: sulfur-sulfur bonds
• EC 3.13: carbon-sulfur bonds

[edit] References

• EC 3 Introduction from the Department of Chemistry at Queen Mary, University of London, only covers 3.1-3.4
• More detailed taxonomy

v • d • e Proteins: enzymes Topics Active site - Allosteric regulation - Binding site - Catalytically perfect enzyme - Coenzyme - Cofactor - Cooperativity - EC number Enzyme catalysis - Enzyme inhibitor - Enzyme kinetics - Lineweaver-Burk plot - Michaelis-Menten kinetics - List of enzymes Types EC1 Oxidoreductases/list - EC2 Transferases/list - EC3 Hydrolases/list - EC4 Lyases/list - EC5 Isomerases/list - EC6 Ligases/list

v • d • e Hydrolase: esterases (EC 3.1) 3.1.1: Carboxylic ester hydrolases Cholinesterase - Pectinesterase - 6-phosphogluconolactonase - PAF acetylhydrolase Lipase (Gastric/Lingual, Pancreatic, Lysosomal, Hormone-sensitive, Endothelial, Hepatic, Lipoprotein, Monoacylglycerol, Diacylglycerol) Phospholipase (A1, A2, B) 3.1.2: Thioesterase Palmitoyl thioesterase - Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 3.1.3: Phosphatase Alkaline phosphatase - Acid phosphatase (Prostatic)/Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase/Purple acid phosphatases - Nucleotidase - Glucose 6-phosphatase - Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase - Calcineurin - Phosphoprotein phosphatase (PP2A) - OCRL - Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase - Fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase - Protein tyrosine phosphatase - PTEN 3.1.4: Phosphodiesterase Autotaxin - Phospholipase (C, D) - Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase - PDE1 - PDE2 - PDE3 - PDE5 3.1.6: Sulfatase Arylsulfatase B - Steroid sulfatase - Galactosamine-6 sulfatase - Arylsulfatase A - Iduronate-2-sulfatase - N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase other Nuclease

v • d • e Hydrolase: sugar hydrolases (EC 3.2) 3.2.1: Glycoside hydrolases Amylase (Alpha-Amylase) - Chitinase - Lysozyme - Neuraminidase - Galactosidases (Alpha, Beta) - alpha-Mannosidase - Glucuronidase - Hyaluronidase - Pullulanase - Glucocerebrosidase - Galactosylceramidase - Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase - Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase - Fucosidase - Hexosaminidase (HEXA, HEXB) - Iduronidase Disaccharidase (Sucrase/Sucrase-isomaltase/Invertase, Maltase, Trehalase, Lactase) Glucosidases (Cellulase, Alpha-glucosidase, Beta-glucosidase, Debranching enzyme) 3.2.2: Hydrolysing N-Glycosyl compounds DNA glycosylases: Oxoguanine glycosylase

v • d • e Ether bond hydrolases (EC 3.3) Adenosylhomocysteinase - Epoxide hydrolase - Leukotriene A4 hydrolase

v • d • e Hydrolase: proteases (EC 3.4) Exopeptidase 3.4.11-19 Angiotensin-converting enzyme - Dipeptidase - Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 - DD-transpeptidase Metalloexopeptidases: Aminopeptidase (Alanine, Cystinyl, Leucyl, Glutamyl) - Carboxypeptidase (A, B, C, E, Glutamate II) Endopeptidase 3.4.21-24 Serine proteases - Cysteine protease - Aspartic acid protease - Metalloendopeptidases Cathepsin 3.4.18,21,22,23 A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - K - L1/L2 - S - W - Z

v • d • e Carbon-nitrogen non-peptide hydrolases (EC 3.5) 3.5.1 - Amidohydrolases Asparaginase - Glutaminase - Urease - Biotinidase - Aspartoacylase - Ceramidase -Aspartylglucosaminidase - Fatty acid amide hydrolase - Histone deacetylase (Sirtuin) 3.5.2 Barbiturase - Beta-lactamase 3.5.3 Arginase - Agmatinase 3.5.4 - Aminohydrolases Guanine deaminase - Adenosine deaminase - AMP deaminase - Inosine monophosphate synthase - DCMP deaminase - GTP cyclohydrolase I Other Nitrilase - Thiaminase II

v • d • e Hydrolases: acid anhydride hydrolases (EC 3.6) 3.6.1 Pyrophosphatase (Inorganic, Thiamine) - Apyrase - Thiamine triphosphatase 3.6.3-4 ATPase 3.6.5 GTPase

v • d • e Carbon-carbon hydrolases (EC 3.7) Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase - Kynureninase