Hydrocotyle bonariensis

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Largeleaf Pennywort

Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Araliaceae
Genus:	Hydrocotyle
Species:	H. bonariensis

Binomial name

Hydrocotyle bonariensis^[1]
Lam.

Synonyms

Hydrocotyle bonariensis Comm. ex Lam.
Hydrocotyle multiflora Ruiz & Pav.
Hydrocotyle petiolaris DC.
Hydrocotyle yucatanensis Millsp.^[2]
Hydrocotyle caffra Meisn.^[3]

Hydrocotyle bonariensis once a member of the family Apiaceae, now in the family Araliaceae^[4] and of the genus Hydrocotyle is a hairless and creepy^[5] perennial.^[6]

1 Description
2 Distribution
3 Neighbors
4 References
5 External links

[edit] Description

Flowers: Numerous white^[5] to creamy yellow^[6] flowers, flower stalks can be 30 centimetres (12 in).^[5]
Fruits and reproduction: Stems creep and root at the nodes and spreads by rhizomes. Produces a dry dehiscent fruit that at maturity splits two or more parts each with a single seed. ^[6]
Habitat: Lives in sandy areas of somewhat extreme conditions, very dry lands that are flooded sometimes.

Community species

Co-dominate species

Imperata brasiliensis
Bacopa monnieri^[8]

[edit] Distribution

Colonizes sandy ground^[5] and disturbed foreshore sites, estuaries, coastline, sand dunes and ponds.^[6] H. bonariensis has also displayed a tendency to prefer and be stronger at higher elevations.^[9]

Native^[10]

Afrotropic:

West-Central Tropical Africa: Cameroon

West Tropical Africa: Cote D'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal

South Tropical Africa: Angola, Mozambique

Southern Africa: South Africa

Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion

Nearctic:

Southeastern United States: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina]], South Carolina

South-Central United States: Texas

Neotropic:

Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama

Caribbean: Cuba, Puerto Rico

Northern South Amercia: Venezuela

Brazil: Brazil

Western South Amercia: Bolivia, Columbia, Peru

Southern South Amercia: Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay

[edit] Neighbors

Colombian communities

In a remote sensing project for rapid ecological evaluation, H. bonariensis was found in Colombia inhabiting several of the evaluated areas; the last two communities are considered exceptional for the diversity.

A pastureland that tends to flood:

Anagalis arvensis, Baccharis pingraea, Cyperus sp., Eichhornia crassipes, Eryngium pandanifolium, Erythrina crista-galli, Galium richardianum, Pistia stratiotes, Polygonum punctatum, Salix humboldtiana, Salvinia auriculata, Scirpus giganteus, Solanum glaucophyllum, Senecio crassiflorus, Thalia multiflora, Typha sp., and Verbena bonariensis.

In between a pastureland that tends to flood and a marsh:

Centella asiatica, Cephalanthus glabratus, Conyza blackeii, Conyza bonariensis, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus haspan, Cyperus reflexus, Cyperus virens, Eleocharis bonariensis, Erectites hierasifolia, Eryngium pandanifolium, Hedyotis salzmannii, Juncus microcephalus, Ludwigia caparosa, Oxalis paludosa, Panicum sabulorum, Paspalum nicorae, Polygonum punctatum, Sesbania punicea, Solanum glaucophyllum, Solanum platense, Solanum sisymbriifolium, Thelipteris interrupta, Vigna luteola, Xyris jupicai, Zizaniopsis bonariensis.

A sandy pastureland along the shore of a lagoon:

Acianthera pubescens, Blepharocalyx salicifolia, Bromelia antiacantha, Celtis iguanea, Cephalanthus glabratus, Cereus uruguayensis, Chenopodium retusum, Daphnopsis racemosa, Dichondra microcalyx, Eugenia uniflora, Eugenia uruguayensis, Ficus organensis, Glandularia tenera, Lantana camara, Mecardonia tenella, Mikania cordifolia, Myrceugenia sp., Myrcine parvifolia, Oplismenus hirtellus, Petunia litorales, Plantago lanceolata, Psychotria carthagenensis, Sapium glandulosum, Scutia buxifolia, Schinus longifolius, Sesbania punicea, Smilax campestris, Solanum flagellaris, Solanum mauritianum, Syagrus romazoffianum, Tibouchina sp., and Tradescantia anagallidea.

A sandy pastureland next to a woodland:

Aciparpha tribuloides, Cardionema ramossisima, Conyza blackeii, Daphnopsis racemosa, Eugenia uruguayensis, Glandularia selloi, Gamochaeta americana, Gomphrena perennis, Litraea brasiliensis, Myrciantes cisplatensis, Myrcine parvifolia, Petunia littoralis, Plantago tomentosa, Sebastiania commersoniana, Senecio plantense, Smilax campestris, Tillandsia aeranthos, Tillandsia commersoniana, Tillandsia geminiflora, Thelypteris interrupta and Vitex megapotanica.

Winter flooding pastureland:

Azolla sp., Centella asiatica, Centunculus minimus, Cuphea carthagenensis, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus surinamensis, Echinodorus sp., Eichhornia azurea, Endydra sessiliflora, Gymnocoronis spilanthoides, Hedyotis salzmanii, Ischaemun minus, Ludwigia peploides, Oxalis paludosa, Phyllanthus sellowianus, Polygonun punctatum, Pratia heredacea, Salvinia auriculata, Sapium glandulosum, Schoenoplectus aff. pungens, Schoenoplectus californicus, Sesbania punicea, Sisyrinchium sp. glaucophyllum, and Zizaniopsis bonariensis.

Sandy pastureland:

Acantospermun australe, Acicarpha tribuloides, Alternathera philoxeroides, Ambrosia tenuifolia, Cardionema sp., Cardionema ramossisima, Centella asiatica, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus surinamensis, Chenopdium sp., Echynodorus longiscapus, Eleocharis viridans, Eragrostis cataclasta, Gamochaeta coartata, Gamochaeta stachydifolia, Gomphrena perennis, Hyptis mutabilis, Indigofera sabulicola, Jaegeria hirta, Juncus microcephalus, Leerzia hexandra, Ludwigia sp., Manihot clavelifolia, Mikania micrantha, Mikania cordifolia, Oenothera mollissima, Panicum sabulorum, Panicum prionitis, Panicum racemosum, Paspalum nicorae, Piptochaetium confusum, Pluchea sagitalis, Polygonum punctatum, Psidium luridum, Ranunculus apiifolius, Richardia brasiliensis, Sagittaria montevidensis, Senecio sp., Sesbania punicea, Sisyrinchium sp., Solanum curtipes, and Stemodia hyptoides.

Sandy pastureland along an open forest:

Acicarpha tribuloides, Baccharis arenaria, Cephalanthus glabratus, Erytrina crista-galli, Frigilanthus acutifolius, Ipomoea cairica, Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia, Nectandra megapotamica, Ocotea acutifolia, Passiflora coerulea, Phylanthus sellowianus, Poa sp., Richardia brasiliensis, Sapium glandulosum, Smilax campestris and Tillandsia aeranthos.

Sandy area along a woodland:

Acanthospermun australe, Baccharis arenaria, Cynodon dactylon, Fragmites communis, Mikania micrantha, Myrcianthes cisplatensis, Oenothera sp., Passiflora caerulea, Polygonum sp., Salyx hunboldtiana, Sapium glandulosum, Schoenoplectus californicus, Sebastiania schottiana, Senecio crassiflorus, Sesbania punicea, Theliptheris interrupta and Tillandsia aeranthos.

Flooding pastureland along a woodland:

Azolla sp., Centella asiatica, Cephalanthus glabratus, Cuphea racemosa, Cynodon dactylon, Ludwigia peploides, Miriophyllum aquaticum, Nymphoides indica, Polygonum punctatum, Pontederia coartata, Schoenoplectus californicus, Sesbania punicea.

Sandy winter flooding pastureland:

Acacia caven, Aechmea recurvata, Angramma chaerophylla, Blepharocalyx salicifolia, Boehmeria cylindrica, Cissus striata, Commelina erecta, Daphnopsis racemosa, Dicliptera tweediana, Drymaria cordata, Enydra sessils, Eryngium pandanifolium, Erythrina crista-galli, Eugenia uniflora, Eupatorium sp., Guettarda uruguensis, Hydrocotyle leucocephala, Juncus microphallus, Lathyrus magellanicus var. tucumanensis, Lithraea brasiliensis, Microgramma squamulosa, Myrcianthes gigantea, Myrrhinium atropurpureum var. octandrum, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Peperomia tetraphylla, Polygonum punctatum, Pratia hederacea, Psychotria carthagenensis, Ranunculus apiifolium, Rapanea laetevirens, Rhipsalis lumbricoides, Sebastiania brasiliensis, Sebastiania commersoniana, Sebastiana schottiana, Sesbania punicea, Stachys gilliesii, Syderoxylon obtusifolium, Tilladsia aeranthos, Tillandsia usneoides, Tradescantia anagallidea, Tropaeolum pentaphyllum, Vitex megapotamica and Xylosma tweediana.

Very wet pastureland:

Adiantopsis chlorophylla, Alternanthera paronichioides, Caperonia hystrix, Centella asiatica, Cephalanthus glabratus, Cissus palmata, Cuphea carthagenensis, Hedyotis salzmannii, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Ludwigia peploides, Mikania micrantha, Modiola carolineana, Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Nectandra megapotamica', Ornithopus micranthus, Panicum sabulorum var. polycladum, Paspalum sp., Phoradendron falcifrons, Phyllanthus sellowianus, Polygonum sp., Ranunculus flagelliformis, Ranunculus apiifolium, Sesbania punicea, Solanum sp., Solanum glaucophyllum and Vigna luteola.

Winter flooding pastureland along a woodland

Alternanthera paronichioides, Caperonia hystrix, Centella asiatica, Cephalanthus glabratus, Cissus palmata, Cuphea glandulosa, Glandularia selloi, Hedyotis salzmannii, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Ludwigia peploides, Mikania micrantha, Modiola carolineana, Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Ocotea sp., Ornithopus micranthus, Panicum sp., Paspalum sp., Phoradendron sp., Phyllanthus sellowianus, Polygonum sp., Ranunculus sp., Ranunculus apiifolium, Sesbania punicea, Solanum sp., Solanum glaucophyllum and Vigna luteola.

Woodland:

Abutilon grandifolium, Acacia bonariensis, Abutilon umbelliflorum, Achmea recurvata, Adenostemma brasilianum, Allophylus edulis, Anogramma chaerophylla, Asplenium sellowianus, Blechnum australe ssp. auriculatum, Bilbergia sp., Blepharocalyx salicifolia, Blumenbachia insignis, Calliandra tweediei, Canavalia bonariensis, Celtis iguanea, Celtis spinosa, Cephalanthus glabratus, Cestrum parkii, Cerastium glometarum, Chaptalia runcinata, Citharexylum montevidense, Cupania vernalis, Cyclopogon elatus, Daphnopsis racemosa, Eryngium pandanifolium, Erytrina crista-glalli, Eubrachion ambiguun, Eugenia uruguayensis, Eupatorium hecatanthum, Fagara hyemalis, Guettarda uruguayensis, Heiminia mirtifolia, Hervertia lahue ssp. amoena, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Ipomoea cairica, Lithraea brasiliensis, Macfadiena ungiscati, Maytenus ilicifolia, Microgramma squamulosa, Microgramma vaccinifolia, Myrcine laetevirens, Myrrhinium atropurpureum var. octandrum, Nectandra megapotamica, Nicotiana longifolia, Oxalis articulata ssp. rubra, Peperaomnia tetraphylla, Pistia stratiotes, Polygonum punctatum, Psychotria cartaginensis, Rhipsalis lumbricoides, Samolus valerandi, Scutia buxifolia, Sesbania punicea, Sebastiania brasiliensis, Sebastiania commersoniana, Senna corymbosa, Smilax campestris, Solanum mauritianum, Syagrus romanzoffianum, Thelypteris sp., Tilladsia aeranthos, Vitex megapotamica, Urvillea uniloba, Xyderoxylon obtusifolia, Xylosma tweediana.

Woodland:

Abutilon umbelliflorum, Acianthera pubescens, Aechmea recurvata, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Allophylus edulis, Anogramma chaerophylla, Anchietea parviflora, Aspilla pascaloides, Asplenium sellowianum, Baccharis sp., Blechnum brasiliense, Begonia cucullata, Blepharocalyx salicifolia, Byttneria urticifolia, Canavalia bonariensis, Carex riparia, Centella asiatica, Cissus striata, Clytostoma callistegioides, Cuphea racemosa, Cyperus virens, Daphnopsis racemosa, Eichhornia crassipes, Equisetum giganteum, Eryngium pandanifolium, Erythrina crista-galli, Eugenia uruguayensis, Ficus luschnatiana, Galium hirtum, Galium richardianum, Hedyotis salzmannii, Herbertia lahue ssp. amoena, Hibiscus striatus, Juncus microcephalus, Lathyrus magellanicus var. tucumanensis, Ludwigia caparosa, Mecardonia tenella, Metastelma diffusum, Mikania involucrata, Monnina tristaniana, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Myrsine sp., Myrsine laetevirens, Nectandra megapotamica, Nierembergia rivularis, Oplismenus sp., Oxalis bipartita, Panphalea cardaminifolia, Plantago sp., Pavonia distinguenda, Pleopeltis pleopeltifolia, Peperomia catharinae, Peperomia tetraphylla, Polygonum punctatum, Rhynchospora corymbosa, Rhipsalis lumbricoides, Samolus subnudicaulis, Scirpus giganteus, Psychotria carthagenensis, Scutellaria racemosa, Sebastiania brasiliensis, Sesbania punicea, Smilax campestris, Stigmatosema polyaden, Syagrus romazoffianum, Thelypteris sp., Tillandsia aeranthos and Trifolium polymorphum.^[11]