Hybrid ternary code

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The hybrid (H-) ternary line code operates on a hybrid principle that combines the binary non-return-to-zero-level (NRZ-L) and the polar return-to-zero (RZ) codes and thus it is called H-ternary.

The H-ternary code has three levels for signal representation; these are positive (+), zero (0), and negative (-). These three levels are represented by three states. The state of the line code could be in any one of these three states. A transition takes place to the next state as a result of a binary input 1 or 0 and the encoder's present output state. The encoding procedure is as follows (Glass and Bastaki 2001, Glass et al. 2001).

The encoder produces + level when the input is a binary 1 whether the encoder output present state is at 0 or – level.
The encoder produces – level when the input is a binary 0 whether the encoder output present state is at 0 or + level.
The encoder produces 0 level when the input is binary 1 and the encoder present state is + level or when the input is binary 0 and the encoder present state is – level.
Initially, the encoder output present state is assumed at 0 level when the first bit arrives at the encoder input.

The new line-coding scheme violates the encoding rule of NRZ-L when a sequence of 1s or 0s arrives and hence, it overcomes some of their deficiencies. During the violation period for a run of 1s or 0s, it operates on the same encoding rule of the polar RZ but with pulse occupancy of full period.

It is evident that NRZ-L and polar RZ codes have deficiencies compared to the proposed H-ternary encoding scheme. NRZ-L code lacks sufficient timing information when the binary signal remains at one level in of either 1 or 0. This has direct influence on synchronising the receiver clock with that of the transmitter and, as a result, has impact on the detection of the received digital signal.

The H-ternary code has also timing superiority compared to similar ternary codes. Other ternary line code such as alternate mark inversion (AMI) also lacks the timing information when a run of zeros needs to be transmitted. This drawback is partly overcome by its modified version the high density bipolar with three zeros substitution (HDB3).

On the other hand, the new code has a smaller bandwidth in comparison with the polar RZ code. The latter has its frequency spectral components concentrated at twice the original binary data rate because the polar RZ code has a pulse duty cycle of 50 percent.

Concept by: Dr. Abdullatif Glass, Dr. Nedhal Abdulaziz & Dr. Eesa Bastaki