Hustle (TV series)

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Hustle

Series title card
Format Drama/Comedy
Created by Tony Jordan
Starring Marc Warren
Robert Vaughn
Robert Glenister
Jaime Murray
Ashley Walters
Theme music composer Simon Rogers
Country of origin Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom
No. of seasons 4
No. of episodes 24 (List of episodes)
Production
Running time 60 minutes per episode (UK)
Broadcast
Original channel BBC One
Original run February 24, 2004 – present
External links
IMDb profile

Hustle is a British television comedy-drama series made by Kudos Film & Television for BBC One in the United Kingdom. The second series is currently being repeated on Virgin 1 at 10pm every Thursday night.

Contents

[edit] Background

Created by Tony Jordan (who also wrote many of the scripts) hand in hand with Bharat Nalluri who conceived the original idea, Hustle follows a group of London-based con artists as they attempt to dupe money out of their victims ("marks"). Despite their chosen trade, they adhere to codes such as "bad behaviour breeds bad luck". In particular they adhere to the first rule of the con "you can't cheat an honest man" because an honest man doesn't want something for nothing.

The series frequently breaks the fourth wall (usually at least once per episode) and uses cutaway scenes shot in a different style from the rest of the show. For example, in several episodes the characters appear to "stop time", interacting with other characters that are frozen in place, discussing the con either with each other, or even with the audience. The technique is used as a metaphor for how the main characters manipulate their environment at will, as opposed to normal people who have no clue of what is going on. Examples of this can be seen in the pilot episode, "Gold Mine", the first episode of the second series and "Signing up to Wealth", the second episode of the fourth series. Other fourth wall-breaking moments are more subtle - a character smiles at the camera as the con begins to take shape, or makes an editorial comment to the viewers. Some episodes insert fantasy sequences - scenes shot like a Bollywood musical or a silent movie, for example.

Each episode also amounts to a confidence game played upon the viewers through the use of misdirection and hidden plot details that are revealed at the end of the story. Not all cons depicted are successful, and some episodes focus on the characters dealing with the consequences of their actions. However, even if a con does fail, the characters usually come out on top in some way or other.

In addition to one long con, each episode features a number of short cons played by the major characters on members of the public. The short cons demonstrate the seemingly endless array of tricks professional con men possess and the ease with which short cons can be played.

The first six-episode series was originally broadcast in February and March 2004, and a second six-episode series began on 29 March 2005 and ran until May 2005. The third series began on 10 March 2006 (and began on 14 April 2006 on BBC One Scotland).The fourth series began in Britain on Thursday May 3rd at 9:00pm[1] and in the U.S. 18 April, 2007.[2]

In October 2005, it was announced that the BBC had sold United States screening rights for the first two seasons to cable television station AMC, who joined as a production partner for the third run. The series is also screened in Spain and Portugal through the People+Arts channel, partially owned by BBC and the first two seasons aired back-to-back on CBC in Canada during the summer of 2006. The third season premiered on CBC on February 13, 2007. Season 4 marked a departure from the usual airing of the series. Typically, the BBC would air the episode in the UK and then 6 to 9 months later they would air in the US on AMC. However, due to the additional funding that AMC provided for the production, Series 4 debuted in the US prior to airing in the UK. The series has also been shown in other countries such as New Zealand, Australia (shown on Foxtel's UKTV), Japan and Italy on La7.

As a result of AMC's increased involvement, the first and final episodes of series 4 were filmed on location in Los Angeles and Las Vegas.

The series got its own spin-off documentary, The Real Hustle, in which Paul Wilson, Jessica-Jane Clement and Alexis Conran travel the country demonstrating cons to real people with the aid of hidden cameras. It is aired regularly on BBC Three.

Virgin Media TV has bought the rights to show Hustle on its Flagship Channel Virgin 1. The series currently airs on Thursdays at 10pm

[edit] Cast

[edit] Main Characters

Mickey and Danny during a con, trying to sell the London Eye
Mickey and Danny during a con, trying to sell the London Eye
  • Michael Stone played by Adrian Lester (Appears In Series 1-3) Michael "Mickey Bricks" Stone is the group’s leader and ‘inside man’. An ambitious, intelligent and driven conman, Stone watched his father struggle to make an honest living for many years before he died just prior to the retirement he had looked forward to his whole life. Mickey understandably hates the system that he feels killed his father, and is determined to make sure he never struggles in the same way. A highly respected long-con expert, it is rumoured that he and Stacie "had a thing once”. Early on in the show, Mickey’s wife divorces him because of his dishonest lifestyle; this plot point helps to illustrate why the life of a grifter isn’t as much fun as it may seem – it can undermine a person’s ability to ever lead a normal life. (This is a theme that reappears throughout the show). Mickey left the team between Seasons Three and Four, to head up a long con in Sydney, Australia, one that only the great Mickey Bricks could pull off: selling the Sydney opera house.
  • Danny Blue played by Marc Warren - Lacking a particular role within the group, Danny Blue is initially described as a ‘floater’ (a term he abhors). Already a seasoned short-con operator, Danny brashly forces his way into the gang at first, but after proving his loyalty is allowed to stay on and learn from Mickey, who is the “only man in London who can teach him anything”. He challenges Mickey’s authority constantly (as illustrated most explicitly by the ‘Henderson challenge’ episode) and finally gets a chance to lead his own crew when Mickey leaves for Sydney. Cocky and arrogant yet still vulnerable and somehow endearing, Danny is berated by Mickey for his lack of attention to detail when working the con, yet Albert maintains Danny has “…grift sense, and that’s something you can’t teach”. It is this instinct that will pull him through when things go wrong for the group, and Mickey is no longer around to ensure there’s a Plan B.
  • Stacie Monroe played by Jaime Murray - Stacie uses her sex appeal to manipulate potential marks, both while working the long con and in more small-time cons (such as those used to raise funds for the team). She often poses as an employee of an institution (such as a museum) or an expert in a particular field (such as art), and casually mentions potential 'money-making schemes' (which are in reality cons) to provoke the mark's interest in the matter. However, it is worth noting that she is not simply a pretty face. Numerous times she has been praised for her intelligence and grifting ability, most notably in the very frist episode when a police officer remarks that she is "maybe even in [Michael] Stone's league". Sequences in the series sometimes imply that Micky & Stacy were romantically associated in the past.
  • Ash Morgan played by Robert Glenister - Ash ‘Three Socks’ Morgan is the team’s fixer, who earned his nickname after his first trip to the showers while in prison. Ash can turn his hand to any job, and is seen at various points acquiring vast amounts of foreign currency, rigging a sophisticated alarm system and pretending to be an oil consultant. When Ash first appears on the show, he is working his favourite con; after deliberately stepping in front of a moving car, Ash passes off an old skull fracture as a fresh injury, in order to make an insurance claim.
  • Albert Stroller played by Robert Vaughn is the team’s Roper. His job is to find the perfect mark; someone who is rich, greedy and has a weakness the team can exploit – and to hook them into the scheme, sometimes with the use of a ‘convincer’ (allowing the mark to make a profit initially, to win his trust for the next, much bigger investment; of which he or she will not see a penny!) Once a shoe salesman in the American Midwest, Albert is an old-style grifter, a gentleman, and a grandfather figure and mentor to the group.
  • Billy Bond played by Ashley Walters (Appears from Series 4). Billy enters the crew in much the same way that Danny did - as a rookie, with a natural hustling instinct and a master of the short con, but with little knowledge or experience of the long con. Billy appears to be an astute and likeable character despite prior involvements in drug dealing and street gangs, and knows that his inclusion within the crew is his chance to make it big.
  • Eddie (played by Rob Jarvis) is the owner (and barman) of Eddie's Bar where the group often plan cons, he is fully aware of the group and their dealings, and usually (but not always) adopts a "hear no evil, see no evil, speak no evil" attitude. Often a victim of the petty grifts played on him by the crew whenever they want to get out of paying their bar tab, are trying to make a point to someone (either Danny or Eddie himself) or sometimes just plain bored, Eddie has recently taken an active role as a bit player in one of their cons, and generally appears to be rather fond of them despite their minor schemes. The feeling seems to be reciprocated; when Eddie was ripped off by someone in series 4 who persuaded him to put his father in a dodgy care home, the gang retaliated on his behalf by pulling a long con on that person. This is the only con where the crew have deliberately chosen to reveal their true nature to the mark (after the con has been a roaring success).

[edit] Contacts

  • Neil Cooper (played by Tom Mannion) is another con artist who helps Mickey in Season 1, Episode 1. He impersonates a police officer named Martin Depalma who heads the investigation into the crew.
  • Tip Jones (played by Brian Pettifer) is a forger of classical art. (Tip takes offense to the term "forgery," insisting that he does not create forgeries, but "clones".) Albert says that Tip is the best forger in the business but is very untrustworthy. When he is first seen it is said that an operation went wrong and he has thus suffered from brain damage. However, this is all a ruse by Tip to fool the Fraud Squad so that he doesn't have to stand trial. Once Albert mentions how much money they intend to con Meredith Gates out of then he soon comes out of his "brain damaged" state. Tip forges an original Mondrian which the crew sell to the collector Meredith Gates. However, Tip betrays the crew and attempts to take the crew's money, only to be outsmarted: a police squad (called by Mickey) comes to arrest him for a minor fraud, he has to play "brain damaged" and the crew escapes with the money.
  • Samuel Richards (played by Richard Harrington) is a thief, who wants to steal the diamond that Moore's Bank stole from his father. The crew help him because Victor Maher (the Head of Security at the Bank) forces them to catch Richards but they con Maher as well. Mickey forms a bond with Richards because he feels that their fathers were similar people.
  • Adam Rice (played by Paul Nicholls) is a thief regarded by the police as "The Ghost" due to his ability to just disappear from the crime scene or elude people trying to follow him. He is the kind of person who is used to being followed and so every so often he pulls a vanishing trick just to be on the safe side. He is a keen parachutist and this hobby has come in handy in his line of work when he has needed to get over electric fences and the like. He only works with people he has hand-picked and doesn't like being approached for jobs. He turns Mickey and Danny down when they try and get him to recruit them for his next job. They try and convince him that whatever he is going to steal they will make copies of it and then sell them on as the original thus increasing the take (just like they did with the Star of Africa). He then he shows up in their flat willing to recruit them (well Ashley Morgan really as he needed Ash to shut down the security systems) while Mickey, Danny, and himself steal an original Hans Christian Andersen manuscript.
  • Archie (played by Tony Rohr) is involved in horse-racing, and is able to supply the crew with a horse and "paint" another horse during the con in season 4, episode 2. He obviously has a history with the group - he is nervous on seeing Stacie as he's "always nervous around grifters" and she "always wants something".

[edit] Marks

[edit] Series 1

Peter Reginald Williams is a businessman that resides and operates in London. He started his pharmaceutical company in the early eighties. His first wife was from old money and he used her family’s connections with the government to get research contracts. He regularly makes the top 500 rich list but he is greedy and will cross the street to pick up a one pound coin. He has recently bagged a new young wife but she is high maintenance and spends his cash faster than he would like. He is generally a sucker for a pretty face, spends money to impress, the shorter the skirt the looser he gets. He is an objectionable little man with the morals of an alley cat. He moves in high circles and regularly plays golf with the chancellor.
Frank Gorley is a renowned bully and the owner of a top London casino and hotel situated in the West End. The casino is bent, he ships in girls from Eastern Europe for the hotel, and the punters lose their money on the tables then curl up with one of the girls. There are twenty four girls working there in this way. Gorley is very careful with his money, to the point of being almost miserly. He is not the sort of man you take liberties with. The last person that cheated in his casino ended up in intensive care. He is surrounded by women, gambling, and alcohol but he has no discernible vices and is a bit of a loner. He is a film fanatic though and is a big fan of Cagney. Other than his love of films he is a block of ice, always calculating the odds and never goes out on a limb. He has certain rules about business, one of them being never invest money in businesses he knows nothing about. This probably stems from him once dabbling in stocks and shares and losing heavily. He now doesn’t trust them and has decided never to do them again. His laptop carries all the information about the casino and hotel and is always with him.
Meredith is a businesswoman that owns an art gallery in London called Gates Gallery. She is an avid art collector with a particular interest in the artist Mondrian; she once spent ₤250,000 on one of his pieces. She is unscrupulous, greedy, selfish, and has ripped off many poor struggling dealers and buyers over the years. She pretty much makes a hobby out of fleecing dealers. She likes to keep mere mortals at a safe distance. She is a stunning brunette and is chauffeured around in a Jaguar.
Katherine Winterborn is a businesswoman who used to be married to Steven Winterborn. After they got divorced, Steven tried to float his hotel chain on the stock market, but as they were divorced Katherine would not make any money from this. She felt this was wrong as she had helped him to build it up so she seduced Mickey into ruining Steven's presentation to investors.
Arthur Bond is a rich fairground owner. Mickey and Danny "sold" him the London Eye for £100,000; when the con was exposed on the media he was ridiculed. Now he is thirsty for revenge.
Anthony Reeves is a businessman tat received a payoff of ₤500,000 from his company even though he had run it poorly. This was shortly before the gang targetted him. He believes that anyone who earns less than ₤100,000 a year is part of the "great unwashed". He is a member of the same club as Albert. He likes gambling, especially the gee-gees, and prostitution of which his wife knows nothing about.

[edit] Series 2

Howard Jennings is a young high flier; a ruthless and Machiavellian property broker in London. He finds land for the major developers to work on. He considers London his city; there is not a patch of undeveloped land in London that he doesn’t know about and has first refusal on. He is a nasty piece of work, his mantra in life is “see what you want and get it.” He will do anything he can to get what he wants. Recently he bought a piece of land in Islington. There was an 83 year old tenant blocking the deal, she wouldn’t move because she was worried that her little cat wouldn’t find its way home. So Howard ran over the cat and the woman signed within a fortnight.
He looks like a typical city boy; red braces, no socks, expensive suits, and plenty of arrogance. He is obsessive, always one step ahead. His files are always perfect; he checks everything out, leaves nothing to chance. A rival company snatched a large parcel of land from under his nose so he took a nine iron to his glass desk. It was made worse when a large stash of Roman coins during excavation, worth a fortune. He was a laughing stock, reputation with him is everything; he has to be top dog. He reads the telegraph.
A few years back a con man took him for £30,000. Afterwards Howard became obsessed and did a bit of research. He now knows all the tricks and is paranoid about being conned again. Due to this he records every conversation that takes place in his office. A couple of months back a con man tried to work a long con on him. Howard saw straight through him from the start but played along, took the convincer off him. When the con man asked Howard to part with a hundred grand for a half million return, Howard called security and then the police. Gave the police the taped conversations he had had with the con man and made a full statement. His comments were “make sure he is given the maximum sentence, he played the game and lost; now he must face the consequences.”
Johnny Keyes is a prominent restaurateur and celebrity chef in London, but has a notorious gangland past. He is an arrogant powerful thug whose past is that of a renowned killer and all round bad guy, who was demonised by the national papers. He grew up on the streets, robbing houses, talking with his fists, not to mention turning over a few banks which he has does time for. Some say they should have thrown away the key. He was evil personified. Inside he was like everybody else; a nobody. He did kitchen duty to pass the time and fast. Soon it got into his blood and he devoured books, hungry to learn. He ended up cooking for the Governor. When he got out he bought a restaurant and now he runs Keyes that is very exclusive. There is an eight week waiting period for Saturday night, and a four week waiting period for Sunday lunch. However they always keep a few tables free in case of last minute celebrities wanting to dine there. He has reinvented and smartened himself up. He no longer behaves like the gangland person he used to be. Today he acts like a gentleman but he still retains his aggressive nature. He wears expensive clothes and his car is a silver very expensive Mercedes. He has brown hair but is beginning to bald. He has to be careful of the activities he does as these days his heart is very weak. Due to his poor health he is worried about never finding his son he lost to a gangland kidnapping. He is consumed by guilt for not paying the ransom but he has no idea where to start his search. The kidnapping too place in 1974 and his one year old son James was never heard from or seen again. Johnny had a lot of enemies in those days. He was a vicious armed robber into everything from extortion to protection rackets. The kidnapping was orchestrated by some of his gangland associates who wanted revenge for Johnny swindling them out of money. Johnny had the cash to pay the ransom but he called their bluff. He wanted to use the money to start up his business. He is onto his second wife, his first and his son’s mother died of cancer. She and Johnny were separated at the time. His present one is named Julietta who is a short woman with blonde hair. Johnny is her third husband. Johnny is not a church goer but Julietta is and encourages him to go. He employs a wine expert to make sure that the wine he sells in his restaurant is always the best. He also sees some wines as investments and once paid a record amount for a bottle of vintage Bordeaux. Johnny wrote a book called Keyes Kitchen King that went into the bestsellers list.
Detective Inspector Fay Ripley is a bent policewoman who tries to blackmail Mickey and his crew. She has a safe deposit box where she stashes all her ill-gotten gains.

[edit] Series 3

Benny Frazier, also known as Benny the Boozer, is an obnoxious nasty piece of work who owns 16 licensed pubs and clubs across the East End. He is also a major importer of booze through his company, Benny Frazier Import/Export Company Limited. Nobody asks any questions because of all the bars he owns. What people don’t know is that he uses the alcohol shipments as a cover to smuggle in Eastern Europeans. The police have been after him for a while but they can never get anything on him. Rumour is that he hands out backhanders as if they were confetti. He is wealthy enough to be able to get £100,000 together within a day. He bought the Iron Duke in Bow about 20 years ago. It was a dive with fights every night. Benny turned it around by beating up the troublemakers.
He married above himself, some rich sort called Sharon. He showers her with gifts, but most of the jewellery is knocked off. Her father helped Benny to buy the Iron Duke. Together they live in a rather large house in Essex and have a 17 year old son called Joey. He is the apple of Benny’s eye and is a budding rap star, keen to hit the big time as a British Eminem. However, he is a talentless fool. Sharon thinks Benny indulges him too much but Benny had nothing as a kid so he always promised to himself that when it came to his son he would do whatever it took. As such Joey is a spoilt brat with a serious attitude problem. A right chip off the old block.
Some of his pubs are:
  1. The Iron Duke
  2. The Well
  3. Henry VIII
  4. Frog & Stone
  5. Duke Of York
  6. Park Horse
  7. Horse & Cart
  8. Meeting House
  9. Stone Wall Arms
Kulvinda Samar is a greedy and very wealthy businessman. He owns and runs a network of small factories making counterfeit designer clothes (sweatshops in other words). He is based in Bradford but travels to London once a month on business to check up on his factories there. He was lured to the UK in the 1980’s where Thatcher’s Britain made it a perfect climate to set up his factories.
When he was younger he wanted to become a Bollywood actor. His father, a businessman, put a stop to that and so Samar took over the family business. His acting days, though, have given him a passion for Bollywood films and he spends every weekend sitting in cinemas. However, he has become bitter and twisted from not being able to pursue his dream and so takes it out on his workers and everyone else. He has brought pain and suffering to the Asian community for many years. He is a cruel, arrogant, and obnoxious man that has taken delight in crushing other people’s dreams as he could not follow his. He has this air about him that everyone else is beneath him. He pays his workers £2 an hour. They look upon him with hate in their eyes but know they can do nothing about it.
He is a control freak and a perfectionist that strives for perfection in his life. He likes to surround himself with beautiful things, especially plants like Bonsai trees and an orchid known as the lady slipper worth £30,000. He believes the art of doing the perfect business deal is in finding a person with limited options. But, like any perfectionist he knows that when something is too good to be true then it usually is.
  • Charles and Quenton Cornfoot
Charles and Quenton Cornfoot are bankers and owners of Cornfoot’s Merchant Bank which was established in 1706. Cornfoot’s Merchant Bank is situated in the City. Charles is the Director of Trading and is the shake down artist. All banks are greedy but Charles has an insatiable appetite for other people’s money. If there is one thing he really enjoys it is poaching clients from someone else. Quenton is the Director of Corporate Finance. He is the roper who romances the clients and brings in the business.
They don’t care what they offer the public. As Quenton says “we stack the shelves, we don’t set the prices”. There is pretty much no kind of company that they wouldn’t float on the market. They are also guilty of insider dealing, driving the market, and selling their own clients short.
They are not averse to taking over a company, stripping out the assets, trashing the pension fund, and bankrupting the place. The fact that the workers have just lost their jobs does not bother them either.

[edit] Series 4

  • Chris Tardio as Johnny Maranzano
Johnny Maranzano is a Mafia boss in Las Vegas who owns his own casino/hotel. His father had a touch of class but Johnny is just an animal. The only things he seems to care about is himself and money. He has no regard for his staff and constantly abuses them - verbally and sometimes physically as well. His casino has a fruit machine called Big Daddy that has a jackpot of $5 million and is in honour of his deceased father. The prize money sits behind a huge fishtank. This is because his father once bought him a fishtank as a child and told Johnny that the bubbles rising to the top of the tank represent Johnny's eventual rise to greatness. Johnny gets very angry if the bubbles in Big Daddy stop so he has cleaning firm come out to clean it every so often. He hates grifters and if his security catch a grifter in his casino then he has them brought up to the security office, held down on the desk, and he brings down a baseball bat on one of their hands to teach them a lesson. This is one of his milder punishments and he is not above killing anyone who crosses him.

[edit] Episodes

[edit] Series 1

[edit] Series 2

[edit] Series 3

[edit] Series 4

[edit] Series 5

On 14 May 2007, it was confirmed that the BBC had commissioned a fifth series, but is unsure on how many episodes. Some sources say that there will be six, whereas as other say there will be 8 or even 10, if Adrian Lester decides to reprise his role as Michael Stone. It also has been claimed that more episodes will be filmed in the US, with a number of Hollywood names interested in a part in the show.[citation needed]

An interview with Robert Glenister in The Stage magazine, published that same month indicated the BBC hadn't commissioned any new episodes at that point.[3]

On October 30, 2007, TvSquad interviewed Robert Vaughn. According to Vaughn: "We've shot 24 episodes so far and we have another six to shoot... the schedule now is to not only do the fifth season but also 20th Century Fox has optioned it for a motion picture which would be a prequel to the television show in the sense that you will find out how we all met. And that's the plan, of course with motion pictures when the head of a studio changes the next person who takes the job erases the entire slate, so that might not happen, but we're pretty certain we're going to be doing the fifth season in the early spring or late winter."[4]

On January 14, 2008 the Mirror newspaper reported that the BBC had axed Hustle after four series due to a lot of the cast doing other projects. Marc Warren is quoted as saying "I'd certainly be surprised if I were involved with more episodes of Hustle."[5]

However it has been noted several times that Fox have bought the rights to Hustle and are planning to make a movie. On IMDb[6] (Internet Movie Database) there has been cited a movie supposedly "in development" called "Hustle", whether or not this is the movie adaptation of the series is not yet known.

On 8 February 2008, whilst being interviewed for his new BBC Three show Being Human, Lester said on the subject of Hustle, 'At the moment I'm back in the arms of the BBC shooting a series called Bonekickers, which will be shown on BBC One in the Spring of '08. There is talk of a fifth series of Hustle, but we'll see... '[7]

In a June 2008 TV magazine interview, James Strong who is directing a new BBC drama called Bonekickers which includes Adrian Lester in the cast, says his next project after Bonekickers will be to re-launch Hustle and bring Adrian Lester back.[citation needed] Matt Di Angelo's managers has reported, on their website, that Di Angelo will be playing a guest lead in the upcoming series. [8]

On the DVD set of series 4. Writer Tony Jordan was hopeful of a new 5th series and a Hustle movie.

[edit] DVD Releases

Several series of the show have been released on 2-disc DVDs in both Europe and North America. The UK, Region 2, release of Season One erroneously contained the US edited versions of the episodes, and not the full uncut episodes as originally seen on BBC One. A revised edition was released some time afterwards. The revised edition has a 15 certificate whereas the cut DVD has a PG certificate. The back of the revised case also contains the words "Each episode aprox. 59 mins" under "Run Time" in the information table.

DVD Name Region 2 Release Date Region 1 Release Date
Hustle Complete Season One 18 April, 2005 September 5, 2005
Hustle Complete Season Two 19 September, 2005 February 13, 2006
Hustle Complete Season Three 23 April, 2007 July 10, 2007
Hustle One to Three Complete 23 April, 2007 TBA
Hustle Complete Season Four 28 April, 2008 January 22, 2008
Hustle Complete Series One to Four 28 April 2008 12 August 2008

[edit] References

  1. ^ BBC: Hustle
  2. ^ AMC: Hustle
  3. ^ The Stage: Hustle star: TV by committee is ‘bloody galling’; No fifth series?
  4. ^ Robert Vaughn: The TVSquad interview
  5. ^ BBC pulls Hustle plug. Mirror.co.uk (2008).
  6. ^ IMDb: Internet Movie Database
  7. ^ {{http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/02_february/08/human_lester.shtml
  8. ^ [1]

[edit] External links