Hurricane Noel

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This article is about the 2007 hurricane; for other storms of the same name, see Hurricane Noel (disambiguation).
Hurricane Noel
Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Hurricane Noel near peak intensity

Hurricane Noel near peak intensity
Formed October 28, 2007
Dissipated November 2, 2007
Date of beginning of Extratropical transition - completed November 4.
Highest
winds
80 mph (130 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure 980 mbar (hPa; 28.95 inHg)
Fatalities 163 direct, 6 indirect
Damage $580 million (2007 USD)
Areas
affected		 Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Eastern Florida, Bahamas, Eastern North Carolina, Long Island, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick
Part of the
2007 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Noel was the fourteenth named storm and sixth hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. Noel formed on October 27 from the interaction between a tropical wave and an upper-level low in the north-central Caribbean Sea. It strengthened to winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) before making landfall on western Haiti and the north coast of eastern Cuba. It turned northward, and on November 1 it attained hurricane status. The hurricane accelerated northeastward after crossing the Bahamas, and on November 2 it became an extratropical cyclone. (The Canadian Hurricane Centre classified Noel as a post-tropical storm until 2200 UTC November 4 when it determined that it had lost all tropical characteristics.)

The storm caused at least 163 direct deaths along its path, primarily in Hispaniola, due to flooding and mudslides. It was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane of the 2007 season. After its transition to post-tropical, Noel became a very strong low pressure system causing flooding and wind damage over Maine and Eastern Canada. It even dropped snow over some areas of Eastern Quebec and Labrador.

Contents

[edit] Storm history

Storm path
Storm path

A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on 16 October.[1] It tracked westward, and by 22 October the wave was approaching the Lesser Antilles with cyclonic turning and scattered convection; at the same time, an upper-level low was located to the north of the Leeward Islands.[2] The interaction between the wave and the low produced a large mass of disturbed weather on October 23,[3] and by the next day the system contained a well-defined low-level circulation about 100 miles (160 km) east-northeast of the northern Leeward Islands.[4] Despite unfavorable upper-level winds, convection increased as surface pressures dropped in association with the organizing system.[5] The low pressure area dropped heavy rainfall while tracking west-southwestward through the northern Leeward Islands and eastern Puerto Rico,[6] and its convection initially remained disorganized.[7] The thunderstorm activity organized further, with a convective mass to the east of the partially exposed circulation; based on its organization, the National Hurricane Center classified the system as Tropical Depression Sixteen early on October 28 while located about 195 miles (310 km) south-southeast of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Initially, the depression was forecasted to track west-northwestward, brushing southwestern Haiti before moving ashore along south-central Cuba.[8]

Noel approaching Hispaniola
Noel approaching Hispaniola

Upon becoming a tropical cyclone the wave was moving to the west-northwest, located to the south of a ridge over the western Atlantic Ocean.[8] By six hours after formation, the center became difficult to locate,[9] though subsequently the depression became much better organized; a large area of convection developed over the center, with some rainbands to its south.[10] Based on reports from Hurricane Hunters, the National Hurricane Center upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Noel at 1815 UTC on October 28 while located about 150 miles (235 km) south-southeast of Port-au-Prince, Haiti.[11] After the center reformed under the convection, the storm quickly strengthened to winds of 60 mph (95 km/h),[12] and for several hours the cyclone was drifting to the south of Hispaniola. Noel began to lose organization as a nearby upper-level low increased wind shear,[13] with the low-level circulation becoming ill-defined as it further interacted with the mountainous terrain of Haiti.[14] The storm crossed western Haiti as a disorganized tropical storm on October 29,[15] and subsequently began paralleling the northeastern coast of Cuba while moving around the southwestern periphery of a weakening ridge.[16] On October 30, Tropical Storm Noel made landfall near Gibara, Cuba, with winds of about 60 mph (95 km/h).[17][18]

The center of Noel remained well-organized as it tracked through eastern Cuba, though its sustained winds quickly diminished to minimal tropical storm force.[19] Early on October 31 it began drifting to the north-northwest, in response to the approach of a short-wave trough from the west and the eastward shift of the mid-level ridge.[20] A large area of strong convective rainbands persisted to its east, though due to increased upper-level wind shear there was little convection near the center.[21] Shortly after 1200 UTC on October 31, Noel emerged off the north coast of Cuba,[22] and subsequently the cyclone became better organized as the circulation became better associated with the convection.[23] While located just off the north coast of Cuba, the motion of Noel was nearly stationary, though forecasters indicated it could have executed a small cyclonic loop.[24] On October 31, the Canadian Hurricane Centre began tracking the cyclone.[25]

Convection greatly increased early on 1 November, though initially the center remained to the southwest of the large area of thunderstorms.[26] At 1800 UTC that day, the storm passed over the Bahamian island of New Providence near the city of Nassau.[27] Later that day the center tracked beneath the convection,[28] and Noel accelerated northeastward in the southwesterly flow ahead of an approaching trough; as it did so, the center became elongated and distorted.[29] The cyclone maintained a large, round area of deep convection with well-defined outflow, and an eye feature became evident on satellite imagery. Based on reports from Hurricane Hunters, the National Hurricane Center upgraded Noel to hurricane status early on November 2 about 180 miles (285 km) north-northeast of Nassau, Bahamas.[30] Its convection began to wane as it moved through progressively cooler waters, and as it lost tropical characteristics its wind field expanded.[31] By late on November 2, the inner core had substantially diminished, and the thermodynamical structure of the cyclone had become asymmetrical and frontal; as it began transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, the National Hurricane Center issued the final advisory on Hurricane Noel.[32] Early on November 3, the increasingly extratropical cyclone attained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h), and it gradually turned to the north-northeast.[33] As the center of Noel approached Nova Scotia, its large circulation produced strong winds across all of Atlantic Canada and New England,[34] and on November 4 it tracked across Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.[35] At 6 PM AST (2200 UTC) November 4, as the storm was over Labrador, the Canadian Hurricane Center declared that Noel has lost all tropical characteristics and changed its designation from post-tropical to extratropical. [36] The extratropical low continued to the northeast and made landfall over southwest Greenland on the afternoon of November 5, bringing tropical storm force winds to the area. The center dissipated over Greenland later that night. While its lowest barometric pressure as a tropical system was 980 mb, on November 4, while located near Labrador, it registered a minimal pressure of 966 mb. [37]

[edit] Preparations

The San Juan National Weather Service issued widespread flood and flash flood warnings and watches across Puerto Rico. Due to unsettled conditions, officials advised residents to stay out of harms way and off the roadways.[38] A flash flood warning was issued for the entirety of the United States Virgin Islands.[39]

Upon being classified as a tropical cyclone, the government of Haiti issued a tropical storm warning for the southwestern peninsula from its border with the Dominican Republic westward to Port-au-Prince; at the same time, the government of Cuba issued a tropical storm watch for the provinces of Granma, Santiago de Cuba, and Guantánamo.[40] Later, a tropical storm watch was put in place for Jamaica.[41] By the time Noel made landfall on Haiti, a tropical storm warning was either recommended or put in place for the southern coast of Hispaniola from Barahona, Dominican Republic, to Port-au-Prince, Haiti; a hurricane watch was issued for southeastern Cuba; a tropical storm warning was in effect for the southeastern Bahamas, including the Turks and Caicos Islands, and a tropical storm watch was put in place for the central Bahamas.[42]

As the storm tracked further to the northwest, a tropical storm warning was put in place for the Cuban provinces of Guantánamo, Holguín, Las Tunas, Ciego de Ávila, and Camagüey.[18] Soldiers evacuated about 20,000 people from low-lying and susceptible areas.[43][44] The Cuban Institute of Meteorology advised caution to residents, due to previous heavy rainfall leaving grounds saturated.[45] Several schools were closed during its passage.[46]

A tropical storm warning was also issued for the northwestern Bahamas.[18] There, most government offices were closed during the passage of the storm.[47] Late on October 31, the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm watch for southeastern Florida, as tropical storm force winds were expected to come close to the coastline.[24] The Miami National Weather Service office issued a tropical storm warning for Atlantic coastal waters from north of Ocean Reef to Jupiter. A coastal flood warning was put in effect for Palm Beach County, and a high surf advisory was issued for Broward and Miami-Dade counties.[48]

Prior to the arrival of Noel into Atlantic Canada, heavy rain and strong wind warnings were put in place for many locations in southeastern Canada. The Canadian Hurricane Center issued hurricane force wind warnings for waters to the southwest of the Maritimes and gale warnings for waters elsewhere off of southeastern Canada.[33]. The Halifax and Montreal Storm Prediction Centers of the Meteorological Service of Canada issued high winds and heavy rain warning for all the areas of the Maritimes, Newfoundland, Labrador and Eastern Quebec, as well as heavy snow warnings for certain regions.

[edit] Impact

Deaths by area
Area Deaths
Bahamas 1[49]
Cuba 1[49]
Dominican Republic 87[49]
Haiti 73[49]
Jamaica 1[49]
Puerto Rico 5[50]
Canada 1[51]
Total 169

[edit] Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico

Heavy rainfall fell across the northern Lesser Antilles for several days in association with the precursor disturbance, unofficially reaching over 6 inches (150 mm) on Saint Croix[39] and Saint Thomas.[52] On Saint Lucia, the precipitation increased levels along the Castries River, which surpassed its banks in some locations. Flooding was reported across the city of Castries, and some mudslides occurred across the island.[53] The system left large portions of Dominica[54] and some localities of Saint Croix without power.[55] Several traffic accidents were reported, as well.[39]

Rainfall Summary for precursor system of Noel in Puerto Rico
Rainfall Summary for precursor system of Noel in Puerto Rico

The precursor disturbance dropped heavy rainfall across Puerto Rico for several days, leaving grounds saturated and commonly causing surface runoff.[38] The entire island experienced rainfall from the storm, and precipitation peaked at 17.23 inches (437.6 mm) at Carite Lake.[56] Flash flooding was reported in Carolina, and a mudslide was reported in Utuado. Flooding occurred along several rivers, including the Río de la Plata, with a reading of 8.9 feet (2.7 m) above flood stage at Toa Baja reported late on October 27.[38] In response to high water levels, officials opened dam gates along the Río de la Plata and the Río Carraízo.[57] There were unofficial reports of five deaths on the island, due to mudslides and car accidents from the flooding.[50]

[edit] Hispaniola

Flooded plantain fields in the Dominican Republic
Flooded plantain fields in the Dominican Republic

Heavy amounts of precipitation fell across Hispaniola, with the National Hurricane Center warning that totals could reach 30 inches (760 mm) in isolated locations.[18] Five days of rainfall caused severe flooding, which reportedly reached chest-high levels.[58]

In the Dominican Republic, the highest rainfall amount reported was 550 mm/21.65 inches at Padre Las Casas.[59] People in the path of the flooding escaped to roof and tree tops;[45] more than 50,000 people left their homes. Additionally, about 1,000 prisoners were evacuated due to flooding.[47] The flooding washed away several houses in Santo Domingo, and 39 cities in the southern portion of the country were left isolated.[45] The rainfall caused flooding along multiple rivers; ten people went missing in Piedra Blanca after the Maimon River exceeded its banks, and three people were killed along the San José de Ocoa to the southwest of the nation's capital.[60] At least 21 bridges in the country were washed away or collapsed.[61] Shortly after the storm passed through the region, the rainfall caused a country-wide power outage for about two hours.[60] Two days later, one-third of the population was still without electricity.[45] Crop damage in the country totaled $77.7 million (USD).[62] More than 12,000 houses were damaged by Tropical Storm Noel,[47] and more than 62,000 people were left homeless.[63] The storm caused at least 87 fatalities in the country, and 42 others were reported missing.[49]

A total of about 400 houses were destroyed in Haiti. Two days after the storm passed through, about 3,400 people remained in emergency shelters. The Haitian Civil Protection Office initially attributed 18 deaths to Noel in the country; two additional deaths were reported, one due to flooding and another due to being crushed by a tree.[58] At least 73 deaths were reported in the country, while 17 others remained missing as of December 17.[49]

[edit] Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas

Tropical Storm Noel over the Bahamas
Tropical Storm Noel over the Bahamas

Heavy rainfall fell across portions of Jamaica; the rains caused a house to collapse, which killed one person.[58] The rainfall caused at least 20 mudslides across the island.[61]

In Cuba, the storm dropped about 6 inches (150 mm) of rainfall in six hours in the city of Baracoa, which overflowed reservoirs in the region. The highest 24 hour total noted was at Mangos de Baraguá, where 364.0 mm/14.33 inches fell between the mornings of October 29 and October 30.[64] Strong winds and rough waves were reported along the northern coastline.[58] The passage of the storm damaged at least 1,000 homes,[46] and about 120 homes were destroyed in Camagüey.[43] Flooding isolated a few areas,[47] and destroyed more than 3.9 million lb (1.8 million kg) of crops in Ciego de Ávila Province.[44] The rainfall contributed to precipitation totals being 300% of the normal rainfall in Guantánamo Province, which caused a dam in the province to overflow.[61] One fatality was reported in Cuba and damage there was estimated at $500 million (2007 USD).[49]

Tropical Storm Noel dropped heavy rainfall across portions of the Bahamas,[58] reaching a record total of 15 inches (380 mm) at one station.[44] Flooding was reported, especially on Abaco Island, and over 400 people were evacuated. One person was killed in the Bahamas.[65]

[edit] United States

Noel United States Rainfall
Noel United States Rainfall

The interaction between Noel and the ridge to its north produced strong gusty winds and high waves along the east coast of the U.S. state of Florida, as well as local rainfall amounts up to 2.14 inches (54.4 mm) as its rain bands moved in from the Atlantic.[20][58][66] The combination eroded beaches by up to 1 foot (0.3 m), and also resulted in the closure of the pier at Flagler Beach.[67] Damage from the beach erosion totaled more than $3 million (USD), with an estimated 12,000 truckloads of sand washed away.[68]

As an extratropical storm, Noel produced moderate winds along the Outer Banks of North Carolina; sustained winds reached 29 mph (47 km/h) at Duck, and gusts reached 50 mph (80 km/h). The winds downed power lines, leaving 6,000 people without power in Hatteras and Ocracoke. Light precipitation fell in its outer rainbands, peaking at 0.5 inches (13 mm) in Morehead City. The storm produced strong waves that briefly left a portion of North Carolina Highway 12 covered with water and sand.[69]

The western side of the then-extratropical storm hit eastern New England, particularly coastal Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Maine, on November 3 with hurricane-force winds. At least 80,000 customers lost power in Massachusetts due to the storm. Some damage was also reported, primarily related to fallen trees and power lines.[70] The highest wind gust reported on land in the United States was 89 mph (143 km/h) at Barnstable, Massachusetts [71] although some slightly higher wind gusts were reported just offshore.

[edit] Atlantic Canada and Quebec

Rain and snow falls in Canada
Rain and snow falls in Canada

The storm continued on into Atlantic Canada with full force in the latter part of November 3 and early on November 4. Many flights were cancelled out of several airports, and around 150,000 people in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia lost power for several days, due to high winds and "salt fog" disabling the power grid. Flooding was also reported due to the heavy rainfall.[72] In Prince Edward Island, 10,000 people lost electricity. Newfoundland was relatively unaffected, although ferries between it and Nova Scotia were canceled for the entire weekend and winds peaked at 180 km/h (113 mph) in Wreckhouse.[73], [74] Over 70 mm (2.8 inches) of rainfall was received in some areas, and waves of over 12 metres (40 ft) were reported in the Atlantic, off the coast of Nova Scotia. Several coastal roads were washed out, with boulders thrown far on shore by the pounding surf. One fish farm in Nova Scotia took $1,000,000 in damage alone, losing almost all of its catch.

In eastern Quebec, up to 130 mm (5 inches) of rain fell in Gaspésie, Anticosti, and Eastern Côte-Nord, causing flooding in several areas.[75] In Bas-Saint-Laurent, Sept-Îles and Baie-Comeau regions, it was 20 cm (8 inches) of snow that fell, causing a bus accident with 10 injuries near Saint-Simon.[75] Severe rains flooded the water treatment facility in Percé, Quebec, leaving the city under a boil-water advisory;[76] the city is also cut from the rest of the province as the heavy rains made a short section of Quebec Route 132 unusable. In Quebec, just under 19,000 Hydro-Québec customers lost power, and activity was affected at several Côte-Nord plants, including plants in the aluminum sector. [77] A major transmission line in the Minganie region was damaged by the heavy wet snow and locally freezing rain, causing blackouts and school closures.[78] One fatality related to the storm was reported in Canada when a boat collapsed.[79]

[edit] Aftermath

The government of the Dominican Republic distributed emergency supplies to 145,000 families following the storm, including food, blankets, mattresses, and mosquito nets.[58] The relief aid amounted to about $3 million (USD).[45] The government requested a $200 million (USD) loan from the Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank on November 1.[61] Storm flooding led to an outbreak of leptospirosis in the Dominican Republic in the weeks following the passage of Noel, causing 25 deaths and infecting 193 others.[80] The government of Haiti allocated about $1.5 million (USD) for those affected by the storm.[45]

[edit] Retirement

See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

Due to the damage and deaths from Noel, the name was officially retired on May 13, 2008 by the World Meteorological Organization during its annual meeting in Orlando, Florida. It was replaced by Nestor on List V of the Atlantic hurricane naming lists, which will next be used in the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season.[81] Noel was the first retired N name since the World Meteorological Organization started retiring names in 1954, and is one of just five Category 1 hurricanes to have their name retired in the Atlantic; the others were Agnes in 1972, Klaus in 1990, Cesar in 1996 and Stan in 2005. [82]

[edit] See also

Tropical cyclones Portal

[edit] References

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  70. ^ Coast Cleans Up After Powerful Nor'easter - Boston Weather News Story - WCVB Boston
  71. ^ Storm batters Cape, electric service hard hit: recovery under way - Barnstable, MA - Wicked Local Barnstable
  72. ^ Yahoo Canada news
  73. ^ Thousands still without power in Noel's wake. CTV (November 4th, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-10.
  74. ^ Nova Scotians assess damage after storm. CBC (November 4th, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-10.
  75. ^ a b Un accident d’autobus fait 10 blessés, LCN
  76. ^ Noël s'abat sur l'est du pays, Radio-Canada
  77. ^ De la neige… et des pannes de courant, LCN
  78. ^ Lent retour à la normale dans l'Est, Radio-Canada (Est-du-Quebec)
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  80. ^ News: Hurricane Noel - Oct 2007, Dominican disease outbreak kills 25 after storm
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  82. ^ Retired Hurricane Names 1954-2005. NHC (May 13, 2008). Retrieved on May 13, 2008.

[edit] External links

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Retired Atlantic hurricane names
1950s
Carol • Edna • Hazel • Connie • Diane • Ione • Janet • Audrey
1960s
Donna • Carla • Hattie • Flora • Cleo • Dora • Hilda • Betsy • Inez • Beulah • Camille
1970s
Celia • Agnes • Carmen • Fifi • Eloise • Anita • David • Frederic
1980s
Allen • Alicia • Elena • Gloria • Gilbert • Joan • Hugo
1990s
Diana • Klaus • Bob • Andrew • Luis • Marilyn • Opal • Roxanne • Cesar • Fran • Hortense • Georges • Mitch • Floyd • Lenny
2000s
Keith • Allison (TS) • Iris • Michelle • Isidore • Lili • Fabian • Isabel • Juan • Charley • Frances • Ivan • Jeanne
Dennis • Katrina • Rita • Stan • Wilma • Dean • Felix • Noel
Tropical cyclones of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season
N
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
TD TS 1 2 3 4 5