Hungarian Natural History Museum
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The Hungarian Natural History Museum houses the largest natural history collections of Hungary and the region.
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[edit] The History of the Museum
[edit] Foundation
In 1802, Count Ferenc Széchényi offered his library and his numismatical collection for the benefit of the Hungarian nation, so as to establish the base of a future national library, and a scientific and education center. This foundation gave rise to the Hungarian National Museum (and the Széchényi Library). Within the Museum, the mineral collection of Julianna Festetics, the Count's wife, served as the origin of the future natural history collections.
The first paleontological collection was a gift of Archduke Rainer in 1811, and the first zoological collection was bought in the same year. In 1818 the late Pál Kitaibel's herbarium was offered to the Museum giving rise to the new Botanical department.
At the time of Hungary's revolution against the Austrian Empire in 1848, the mineral collection harboured about 13.000, and the zoological collection about 35.000 specimens. In the period after the fall of the revolution, however, the only major change was the acquisition of the collections of the Royal Hungarian Natural History Society in 1856.
From 1870, the Hungarian National Museum had separate departments zoology, botany, and mineralogy. The size of these collections exceeded 1 million specimens at about the end of the 19th century.
[edit] Between the two World Wars
In 1927, when Budapest hosted the 10th World Congress of Zoology, the insect collection harboured about 3 million specimens, thus it had to be moved to a building in Baross street. The ever-increasing collections were too crowded and difficult to maintain within the framework of the National Museum, thus the partially separate Natural History Museum was established in 1933.
Most of the botanical collections perished during the war.
[edit] After the Second World War
Soon after the war, the Museum opened its Dept. of Anthropology, that is now one of the 10 largest collections in Europe.
The research re-starting in this period was mostly focused on the Hungarian flora and fauna.
During the 1956 revolution against the Soviet occupation, artillery shots hit the main building of the National Museum, where the Africa-exhibition, and the majority of mineralogical and paleontological collections perished. Furthermore, the Baross street building was also shot a few days later, where 36.000 stuffed birds, 22.000 avian eggs, 13.000 fishes, 40.000 amphibians and reptiles, 500.000 molluscans, 60.000 dragonflies, 200.000 dipterans were burnt, together with 100.000 volumes of scinetific books and reprints. (Many of the animal specimens were kept in alcohol.)
Few years after the fall of the revolution, Zsigmond Széchenyi made game-hunting expeditions to Africa to replace what was lost at the Africa exhibition, at least partially. From the '60s and '70s the Museum's researchers made frequent trips to 3rd world Soviet allies, such as North-Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, Mongolia, so the Museum houses considerable collections referring to the flora and fauna of these countries up to the present.
In 1979, the Dept. of Botany moved to a historical building designed by Ödön Lechner, one of the a most prestigious architects of the country.
[edit] Current situation
The Natural History Museum departing from the National Museum had no separate exhibition space up to the early '90s, and the collections were growing steadily thus all available space got overcrowded again. The Hungarian Government decided to move the Museum to the building of Ludovika Academy: a historical site built originally as the Military Academy of Hungary. Renovations of these worn buildings started but still not completed in the present (2007).
Departments of of Anthropology, Mineralogy and Petrology, Geology and Paleontology, and the Library is already housed in Ludovika. Furthermore, the bird and mammal collections of the Zoology department, the Molecular Genetics Lab, Paleontological Research Group and the Animal Ecology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences/Hungarian Natural History Museum are also found here.
Exhibitions opened in the Ludovika buildings (Budapest, Ludovika square 2-6) in 1996. Open 10.00-18.00 every day except for Thuesday.
[edit] Functions
The Museum has the following responsibilites:
- to maintain and enlarge collections,
- to carry out scientific research, mostly in fields related to the collections,
- to present collections and research results to the public by means of permanent and temporary exhibitions.
[edit] Structure
The main Departments:
- Dept. of Anthropology
- Dept. of Zoology
- Dept. of Botany
- Dept. of Mineralogy and Petrology
- Dept. of Geology and Paleontology
- Library
Furthermore, the Dept. of Education and Exhibitions is responsible for planning and building exhibitions, for organising visitor-friendly, interactive programs, and also for advancing museum-based education activities.
[edit] External links
[edit] Visitors' view
(By courtesy of owl webpages)
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