Hubert-François Gravelot

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Hubert-François Bourguignon, called Gravelot (26 March 1699 — 20 April 1773), was a French engraver, a famous book illustrator,^[1] designer and drawing-master who emigrated to London in 1732, where he quickly became a central figure in the introduction of the Rococo style in British design, which was disseminated from London in this period, through the media of book illustrations and engraved designs as well as by the examples of luxury goods in the "French taste" brought down from London to provincial towns and country houses.

Gravelot was born in Paris. He was a mediocre student, who did not profit from a premature stay in Rome, financed by his father,^[2] from which he returned, his funds depleted, without a stay in Lyon, an artistic center that often provided a stimulating stop-over for art students between Paris and Rome. Unsuccessful in a commercial venture at Saint Domingue on his father's account, he returned to Paris and became the pupil of Jean II Restout, then of François Boucher.

His years in London, 1732-45 were fruitful ones. They coincided with the period 1713-44, when Britain and France were not at war. Though French-trained craftsmen, engravers and even some painters,^[3] were already working in London, but the Rococo style in luxury works of art was fresh and new: the Spitalfields silk industry, always dominated by Parisian innovations rendered by Huguenot designers and weavers, produced its earliest asymmetrical and naturalistic floral designs in the early 1730s,^[4] and the earliest identified full-blown Rococo piece of London silver, by the second-generation Huguenot Paul de Lamerie, can be dated about 1731^[5]. Gravelot's trip was not a speculation; he had been invited by Claude du Bosc to engrave designs for an English translation of Bernard Picart's Ceremonies and Religious Customs of... the Known World.^[6] The chronicler of English art and artists George Vertue, an engraver himself, soon took note of Gravelot: "His Manner of designing neat and correct much like Picart" he noted in 1733. "A very curious pen & writes neatly. He has been lately in Glocestershire where he was imployed to drawn Antient Monuments in Churches& other Antiquities... He has tryd at painting a small piece or two."^[7]

George Vertue noted in 1741 that Gravelot "drawings for Engraving and all other kinds of Gold & Silver works^[8] shews he is endowed with a great fruitfull genius for desseins inventions of history and ornaments"^[9]

By that time Gravelot became a central figure in the artistic set that gathered at Slaughter's Coffee House^[10] in the St. Martin's Lane Academy organised by William Hogarth in the premises of his father-in-law Sir James Thornhill. The St. Martin's Lane Academy was an unofficial precursor of the Royal Academy at a time when there were no public exhibitions of art in London, no annual salons as in Paris, no public museums and no places to see or copy from good examples of paintings save in the houses of the rich or noble.^[11] As a drawing-master Gravelot had Thomas Gainsborough for a pupil.

Gravelot himself was an inveterate, even obsessive reader; his brother's Éloge reports that he would take a small volume to bed with him, in case of insomnia. His easy and elegant book illustrations^[12] were worked up from dressed mannikins, fully-jointed down to their fingers, which he had made expressly in London.^[13]

Gravelot's rococo book illusatrations in London reached a peak in the designs he contributed to Theobald's edition of the complete works of William Shakespeare, 1740, for which Gravelot provided thirty-five frontispieces.

Anti-French sentiments in London after the Battle of Fontenoy in 1745 forced Gravelot's return to Paris that October, accompanied by his student Thomas Major, later the first engraver voted an Associate of the Royal Academy, and with a considerable fortune;^[14] there he soon found work suited to his talents, and settled down as a sought-after book illustrator: among his book illustrations, outstanding projects were Tom Jones (Paris and London, 1750), Manon Lescaut (1753, illustration, left) a Décaméron (1757), La Nouvelle Héloïse (1761), the Contes moraux of Marmontel (1765), a French translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses (1767-71), and of Torquato Tasso's Gerusalemme Liberata (1771). He died in Paris.

Gravelot's designs for the decorative arts were limited to a suite of engravings for wrought iron work, but his rocailles, his cartouches for maps, his rococo borders provided inspiration for goldsmiths and silversmiths, cabinet-makers like Thomas Chippendale, tapestry cartoons made at the Soho works, and china painters at the Chelsea porcelain manufactory.

Gravelot's older brother was the geographer Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, whose "Éloge de M. Gravelot" appeared in La Nécrologie des hommes celebres de France (Paris 1774).^[15].

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